Risk Factors Dashboard

Item 1A. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report (such as our history of losses and accumulated deficit, dependence on financing, challenges in achieving and maintaining profitability, risks associated with international operations and acquisitions, intense price competition and technological changes in telecommunications, evolving fintech and AI markets, concentration of revenue among key customers, potential network disruptions or security breaches, goodwill impairment, and our ability to manage growth and integrate acquired businesses). New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all of them or assess their potential impact. Factors beyond our control, including legislative or regulatory changes, economic conditions, competition, and cybersecurity threats, could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied.

You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, as they speak only as of the date they are made. We expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as may be required by applicable law. The occurrence of any of the events described as risk factors or other future events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial position.

Item 1. Business

Company Description

IQSTEL Inc. (the Company when making reference to consolidated company) is a technology company with operations in 20 countries (Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Canada, Colombia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, India, Italy, Pakistan, Romania, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, UAE, UK, USA and Venezuela) and over 100 employees that offers leading-edge services through its subsidiaries in the telecommunications, fintech, and AI-enhanced industries. Our global presence includes offices in USA, Argentina, UK, Switzerland, Turkey, and Dubai, and we target diverse and high-growth markets. We maintain more than 603 high value network interconnections around the world, delivering international voice, SMS, and connectivity services that form the core of our business. Our strategy focuses on leveraging synergies among our subsidiaries to drive innovation, operational efficiency, and growth through organic development and strategic acquisitions.

Our Telecom Division, which represents the majority of current operations and accounted for 91% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025, offers Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), SMS, proprietary Internet of Things (IoT) solutions, and international fiber-optic connectivity through its subsidiaries: Etelix (www.etelix.com), SwissLink Carrier (www.swisslink-carrier.com), Smartbiz Telecom (www.smartbiztel.com), Whisl Telecom (www.whisl.com), IoT Labs (www.iotlabs.mx), QGlobal SMS (www.qglobalsms.com), and QXTEL Limited (www.qxtel.com).

Also under the Telecom Division, our developing Blockchain Platform Business Line offers our proprietary Mobile Number Portability Application (MNPA) through our subsidiary, itsBchain (www.itsbchain.com).

The Company’s developing Fintech Business Line offers a complete Fintech ecosystem including a MasterCard Debit Card, US Bank Account (No SSN Needed), and a Mobile App/Wallet for remittances and mobile top-up services. Our Fintech subsidiary, Global Money One Inc., aims to provide immigrants access to reliable financial services that makes it easier to manage their money and stay connected with their families back home. Additionally, GlobeTopper LLC (www.globetopper.com), our most recent acquisition, supports expansion and integration of our business divisions through its B2B digital gift card and incentives platform, which represented 9% and 0% of our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Our Artificial Intelligence (AI) division, Reality Border (www.realityborder.com), initially developed an AI-enhanced immersive digital experience platform. Building on that early development work—including conversational interfaces, multilingual models, and AI-driven workflows—Reality Border now develops practical AI software solutions for enterprise and telecommunications applications.

Reality Border currently serves as IQSTEL’s AI innovation and product development platform. Its activities include AI agents and related software solutions designed for web, voice, and contact center environments, as well as integration with telecommunications infrastructure, business systems, and security layers. The Company’s AI strategy includes solutions such as Airweb.ai for AI-powered customer engagement across web and phone channels, IQ2Call.ai for AI-enabled call center and customer care applications, and IQCortex.ai for broader AI platform capabilities and enterprise use cases.

Reality Border’s current development efforts include software functionality, workflow orchestration, multilingual interaction, system integration, and operational deployment models intended for business use. Reality Border’s earlier immersive platform work contributed to capabilities that are now being applied in its AI products; however, the current business emphasis is on AI solutions for enterprise and telecommunications operations rather than metaverse-based environments.

The information contained on our websites is not incorporated by reference into this annual report and should not be considered part of this or any other report filed with the SEC.

Operating Subsidiaries

IQSTEL's mission is to serve basic human needs in today's modern world by making the necessary tools accessible regardless of race, ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, or identity. We recognize that access to ubiquitous communications, virtual banking, and information/content is critical to the pursuit of human needs (physiological, safety, relationships, esteem, and self-actualization). IQSTEL operates through business divisions focused on telecommunications (communications), fintech (financial freedom), and AI services (information and content). The Company continues to grow and expand its suite of products and services both organically and through mergers and acquisitions (M&A).

Our telecommunication business currently represents 91% of our 2025 revenues, fintech services represent 9%, while our other business lines (including blockchain and certain AI initiatives) are in a pre-revenue stage for the financial periods presented.

Telecom Subsidiaries for voice services:

Etelix.com USA LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of IQSTEL Inc., is a US based international telecom carrier founded in 2008 that provides telecom and technology solutions worldwide, with commercial presence in North America, Latin America, and Europe. Etelix provides International Long-Distance voice services for Telecommunications Operators (ILD Wholesale), and Submarine Fiber Optic Network capacity for internet (4G and 5G).

Etelix is interconnected to the most important players in the industry, with a very strong focus on Asian and Latin-American markets, among which it is worth mentioning: China Telecom, PCCW, Hutchinson Telecom, Vodafone India, KDDI, Airtel, Reliance, Viettel, TATA Communications, Flow Jamaica (Cable and Wireless Caribbean), Cable and Wireless Panama, Millicom (TIGO), Telefonica de España (Movistar), Telecom Italia (TIM), Portugal Telecom (MEU), Optimus (NOS), Belgacom (BICS), Deutsche Telekom, iBasis, Orbitel and Entel.

In 2013, Etelix participated in a consortium of telecommunications carriers that upgraded the Maya-1 submarine cable system, which runs from Hollywood, Florida to Tolú, Colombia. As part of this arrangement, Etelix held 10 Gbps of capacity, which was subsequently sold to a third party customer. This transaction expanded Etelix’s ability at that time to provide additional international connectivity capacity to support customer demand.

SwissLink Carrier AG, a 51% owned subsidiary of IQSTEL Inc., strengthens the company’s international telecommunications portfolio as a Switzerland-based carrier with global VoIP connectivity and notable commercial presence across Europe, the CIS, and Latin America. In addition to its license as a Swiss-licensed operator, SwissLink expanded its regulatory footprint in February 2026 by obtaining two key licenses in Italy: (a) Network Infrastructure & Provision, which authorizes the management of network infrastructure, licensed spectrum applications, number-hosting, transit operations, and the support of third-party ISPs; and (b) Publicly Available Telephone Services, enabling the provision of fixed voice services and direct interconnection agreements for voice resellers and value-added services. These dual Italian licenses, alongside its Swiss authorization, position SwissLink as a full-cycle operator in Italy, granting end-to-end autonomy, technical sovereignty, enhanced reliability, cost optimization, operational agility, and complete regulatory compliance. Thanks to its strategic position in Europe, SwissLink enables the IQSTEL group to be highly competitive in capturing voice traffic destined for Asian and African markets. Notably, more than 50% of traffic terminating in Africa originates from European customers, while nearly 40% of traffic to Asia also flows from Europe, underscoring Europe’s crucial role as an international telecommunications hub. SwissLink’s robust interconnections with leading carriers—including Orange Wholesale International, CJC Global Connections & Consulting LLC, iBASIS Communications AG, U.S. South Communications, Inc., Belgacom International Carrier, Bell Canada Inc., and SWISSCOM (SCHWEIZ) AG—further extend IQSTEL’s reach and operational efficiency, supporting expansion in high-growth regions across Asia and Africa.

Whisl Telecom LLC, a 51% owned subsidiary of IQSTEL Inc., significantly enhances the company’s telecom business through its provision of high-quality services and innovative, out-of-the-box solutions. As a U.S.-based company, Whisl Telecom primarily serves the Carrier-to-Carrier Global industry, while also maintaining the network infrastructure necessary to deliver services directly to retail end users (endpoints). Distinguished as one of the few U.S. carriers with substantial Tier 1 capacity, Whisl offers true high-capacity voice termination, supporting high calls per second (CPS) and ensuring optimal call quality.

Whisl Telecom’s capabilities contribute a comprehensive suite of services to IQSTEL’s telecom portfolio, including: (1) US/Canada Inbound/Origination, (2) US/Canada DIDs, (3) US/Canada Toll-Free Numbers, (4) Global DIDs, and (5) Global Toll-Free Numbers.

Smartbiz Telecom LLC. Is a 51% owned subsidiary of IQSTEL Inc. acquired in June 2022. Smartbiz is a US based company that provides international voice termination to niche markets. With this acquisition IQSTEL expanded its telecommunication services offer to markets the company was not serving before. Smartbiz has commercial relations with relevant players in the industry, among which it is worth mentioning the following: Telefonica Global Solutions. S.L, Telintel Ltd, Teliax, Inc Tf, Sistemas Satelitales de Colombia S.A. Esp, and IDT Global Limited.

QXTEL Limited is a 51% owned subsidiary of IQSTEL Inc. acquired in April 2024. QXTEL is one of the most advanced and diversified telecommunications and technology services provider focused on platform services for wholesale, retail and cloud communications service providers, wholesale carrier voice, wholesale carrier messaging (A2P SMS) and carrier technology services with over 20 years in the telecom industry switching more than 5 billion voice and A2P SMS transactions over 200 interconnections worldwide. QXTEL is headquartered in London (UK) with regional offices in Florida (USA), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Dubai (UAE), Belgrade (Serbia) and Istanbul (Turkey). QXTEL maintains commercial relations with significant players in the industry such as BTS Business Telecommunications Service Inc., China Mobile International Limited, Deutsche Telekom AG, Digicel Jamaica Limited, Emirates Telecom Etisalat, Hutchison Global Communication, iBASIS Communications AG, IDT Global Limited, Messagebird, Orange Wholesale International, Tata Communications (Canada) Ltd, Telekom Deutschland Gmbh (T-Mobile), T-Mobile USA, Inc., and Vodafone US Inc.

With the combination of the technology capabilities of these five subsidiaries, IQSTEL has put together a complete portfolio of services for carriers and end users. These services include:

• International Voice Termination for carriers: This service enables the routing of international voice calls to their final destinations across various countries. Telecom carriers use this to handle large volumes of cross-border voice traffic by connecting through intermediary providers or directly to in-country networks.

• US/Canada Inbound / Origination: This refers to the ability to receive incoming calls originating in the United States or Canada. It ensures seamless connectivity for businesses or carriers looking to establish a local presence in these regions by offering local or toll-free numbers.

• Global DIDs: These are virtual phone numbers that allow users to receive calls from specific geographic locations, regardless of where they are physically located. They are essential for businesses seeking global reach, providing local numbers for customers worldwide.

• Global Toll-Free Numbers: Toll-free numbers work internationally, allowing customers to call businesses without incurring charges. These numbers are ideal for companies serving global clients, offering free and easy access to customer service or sales teams.

• PBX (Private Branch Exchange) for small businesses: A PBX is a private telephone network used within an organization, enabling efficient internal and external communication. For small businesses, modern PBX systems often come as cloud-based or hosted solutions, offering affordability and advanced features like call routing and voicemail.

• SIP Trunking: SIP Trunking enables voice communication over the internet rather than traditional phone lines. It connects a business’s PBX system to the telephone network, offering cost savings, scalability, and support for voice, video, and messaging services.

Telecom services represented 100% of our consolidated revenue in 2024. In 2025, revenue from the telecom services represented 91% of the total revenue.

Voice services accounted for 59.83% of the total revenue in 2025 ($189,605,526 out of the total $316,899,498) compared to 66.09% of the total revenue in 2024 ($187,194,236 out of the total $283,220,442).

Telecom Subsidiaries for SMS services:

QGlobal SMS LLC is a 100% owned subsidiary of IQSTEL Inc. QGlobal SMS is a USA based company founded in 2020 specializing in international and domestic SMS termination. QGlobal SMS has a commercial presence in Europe, USA and Latin America, with robust international interconnection with Tier-1 SMS Aggregators, guaranteeing its customers high quality and low termination rates, in over more than 100 countries. Main customers are Computer-Tel Inc., iBasis Communications AG, Telefonica Global Solutions. S.L, Telintel Ltd., and Twilio Ireland Limited.

IoT Labs LLC is a 51% owned subsidiary of IQSTEL Inc. IoT Labs is an SMS service provider based in Austin, TX. Specialized in the SMS traffic exchange between US and Mexico. Main customers are Aztek Corporative Properties Inc, Bytescale C., Codek Connect LLC, and Nuvoteq LLC.

The Company entered into the SMS business in 2020 through the acquisition of QGlobal and IoT Labs. Both companies specialize in international and domestic SMS termination, with emphasis on the Applications to Person (A2P), Person to Person (P2P) and OmniChannel Marketing Services for several markets: Wholesale Carrier, Government, Corporate, Enterprise, Small and Medium Companies.

The Global A2P SMS Market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.1% to account for $101 billion in 2030, according to Transparency Market Research. This market has experienced significant growth and adoption rate in the past few years and is expected to experience notable growth and adoption in years to come.

The Company’s role in these services is to ensure seamless voice and SMS communication across international borders by establishing peering agreements with other telecommunication entities. This is possible using sophisticated algorithms to determine the most cost-effective and reliable paths for voice/SMS traffic, managing media protocols such as SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) and RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) to ensure smooth communication between different networks ensuring efficient call routing.

The Company acts as a transit network that allows the completion of voice calls, or SMSs connecting the network where the calls/SMSs are originated and the network where the calls/SMSs are intended to terminate. The graphic below shows the path of a voice call or SMS, all parties involved and where the Company is situated in that ecosystem.

Fintech services:

GlobeTopper, Inc. In July 2025, the Company acquired a 51% controlling interest in GlobeTopper, Inc., a global business-to-business (“B2B”) digital gift card and incentives platform. GlobeTopper provides enterprises with the infrastructure, catalog access, and operational support required to design, source, and manage digital gift card programs across multiple geographies. Its platform enables clients to incorporate digital gift cards into customer acquisition, loyalty, rewards, employee incentives, and other promotional or payment-adjacent use cases. The company continues to expand its catalog and geographic coverage of more than 4,000 merchant brands across multiple regions and industry categories, adding new brands and markets on an ongoing basis. Since 2024, GlobeTopper has processed over 1 million digital gift card transactions through its platform. GlobeTopper operations reported 9% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025.

New businesses subsidiaries:

ItsBchain LLC is a 75% owned subsidiary of IQSTEL Inc. ItsBchain is a blockchain technology developer and solution provider, with a strong focus on the telecom sector. The company has focused on the development of solutions aimed at using the blockchain ledger and smart contracts to enable more efficiency, quickness in execution and fraud-prevention in the telecommunications industry. Specifically, the company has developed a solution that will enable users and carriers to transfer mobile phone numbers with just a few clicks, allowing users and carriers the ability to transfer retail users from one mobile carrier to another instantly.

The Company has done research covering 35 countries where number portability is mandatory by law. Those 35 countries have a total of 3.3 billion in population and 4.0 billion phone lines that can be ported from one carrier to another. It is estimated that an average of 5% of the total phone lines are ported every year.

Number portability is executed and supervised by a third independent party, who acts as a database administrator and has the responsibility to guarantee all transactions requested by the customers will be completed and his/her phone number will be ported from Carrier A to Carrier B. In the countries under our analysis there are 11 different database administrators.

In terms of dollar value, the number portability market in the countries under our analysis is estimated at over $86 million per year. This is based on the actual cost carriers and/or customers have to pay to get the lines ported. Revenues of the Data Base Administrators comes from a monthly fee charged to all participant carriers, plus a fee for every transaction completed over the platform. The monthly fee and the transactions fee vary from country to country.

Our objective is to offer the market conformity by data-based administrators a much more cost-effective solution, which will not only reduce the operating cost, but that will also make the transactions to complete faster without any additional CAPEX.

Our mobile number portability solution is now being tested prior to its commercial release.

Global Money One Inc. Is a 75% owned subsidiary of IQSTEL Inc. The company offers a complete Fintech ecosystem including a MasterCard Debit Card, US Bank Account (No SSN Needed), and a Mobile App/Wallet to manage Remittances and Mobile Top Up. Our focus is to provide immigrants access to reliable financial services that make it easier to manage their money and stay connected with their families back home.

All available services can be managed through our mobile App “GlobalMoneyOne” available for IOS and Android. The first non-commercial release of the Fintech suite was done in June 2022. Since that date all services have been tested including the known-your-customer (KYC) process for the issuance of debits cards, the settlement process with the issuer bank, the intermediary entities handling the remittances, and the intermediaries and cellular operators for the Top Up, as well as the proper training of our customer care agents.

According to recent estimates from the World Bank, remittances to low- and middle-income countries continued their upward trajectory, approaching nearly $700 billion in 2025. Transfers to Latin America and the Caribbean reached record levels, driven largely by strong labor-market participation of regional migrants in the United States. Within the region, remittances grew sharply in several countries: Nicaragua registered increases of over 22%, Guatemala saw growth of around 14%, and Colombia reported gains of more than 14% during the first half of the year. In contrast, Mexico experienced a decline of roughly 4.6% after more than a decade of uninterrupted growth. As a share of GDP, the most recent data show remittances remaining highly significant across Central America and the Caribbean, with El Salvador and Honduras maintaining ratios above 24% and 25% respectively, while Jamaica and Haiti continue to depend heavily on inflows despite varying economic conditions. These metrics show there are business opportunities in the remittances arena and Global Money One has a developed platform to take advantage of them.

Reality Border LLC initially developed an early proof-of-concept immersive digital platform for IQSTEL. Building on that early development work, Reality Border now develops AI software solutions for enterprise and telecommunications applications. Reality Border currently serves as IQSTEL’s AI innovation and product development platform, with activities that include AI agents and related software solutions for web, voice, and contact center environments, as well as integration with telecommunications infrastructure, business systems, and security layers. Reality Border’s current development efforts include software functionality, workflow orchestration, multilingual interaction, system integration, and operational deployment models intended for business use.

Regulations

The following is a summary of what we believe to be the material current and proposed international, federal, state, and local laws, regulations, orders, and legislation that could have a material effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. This summary is not exhaustive, and new or changed requirements could impose additional material obligations or costs.

Regulation of Telecom in the United States

Telecommunications services in the United States are subject to comprehensive regulation at the federal, state, and local levels. Non-compliance with applicable requirements may result in enforcement actions, including the imposition of interest, fines, or other penalties. The Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) exercises jurisdiction over all telecommunications common carriers to the extent they provide interstate or international services, including the use of local networks to originate or terminate such traffic. State public utility commissions regulate these same carriers with respect to the provision of intrastate and local services. In addition, local governmental authorities may indirectly affect our operations through zoning restrictions, taxation, permitting and right-of-way requirements, and franchise obligations. Any material changes to the laws, rules, or regulatory frameworks administered by these federal, state, or local authorities could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Regulation of Telecom by the Federal Communications Commission

Universal Service and Other Regulatory Fees and Charges

In 1997, the FCC issued an order, referred to as the Universal Service Order, which requires all telecommunications carriers providing interstate telecommunications services to contribute to universal service support programs administered by the FCC (known as the Universal Service Fund). These periodic contributions are currently assessed based on a percentage of each contributor’s interstate and international end user telecommunications revenues reported to the FCC. Etelix and our other US-based telecom subsidiaries also contribute to several other regulatory funds and programs, most notably Telecommunications Relay Service and FCC Regulatory Fees (collectively, the “Other Funds”). Due to the manner in which these contributions are calculated, we cannot be assured that we fully recover from our customers all of our contributions

In addition, based on the nature of our current business, we receive certain exemptions from federal Universal Service Fund contributions. Changes in our business (including growth in our fintech or AI operations) could eliminate our ability to qualify for some or all of these exemptions. Changes in regulations may also have an impact on the availability of some or all of these exemptions. If even some of these exemptions become unavailable, they could materially increase our federal Universal Service Fund or Other Funds’ contributions and have a material adverse effect on the cost of our operations and, therefore, on our ability to continue to operate profitably, and to develop and grow our business. We cannot be certain of the stability of the contribution factors for the Other Funds. Significant increases in the contribution factor for the Other Funds in general and the Telecommunications Relay Service Fund in particular can impact our profitability. Whether these contribution factors will be stable in the future is unknown, but it is possible that we will be subject to significant increases.

Regulation of Telecom—International

In connection with our international operations, we have obtained licenses or are otherwise authorized to provide telecommunications services in Switzerland and Italy (including SwissLink’s recent expansion of its regulatory footprint in Italy in February 2026). In several of the jurisdictions in which we currently operate or intend to operate, our activities are subject to local laws and regulatory frameworks that, among other provisions, may restrict or limit the ability of private telecommunications providers to compete with state-owned or state-authorized incumbent carriers. These regulatory constraints can materially affect the scope and manner in which we are permitted to offer telecommunications services in those markets, increase compliance costs, or require additional licensing or approvals.

Regulation of Internet Telephony

The provision of voice communications services over the Internet and private IP networks is generally subject to a less burdensome regulatory framework than traditional circuit-switched telephony in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions. In numerous markets, these IP-based services are not currently subject to certain taxes, fees, or regulatory assessments that apply to legacy telephony and that would otherwise increase our operating costs. As a result, we are able, in many jurisdictions, to offer VoIP services at pricing levels that are more competitive than those applicable to traditional telephone services. However, legislative and regulatory bodies in the United States and abroad have undertaken efforts to align the regulatory treatment of VoIP with that of traditional telephony. Such initiatives could impose additional fees, taxes, charges, or regulatory obligations on IP-based communications services, which could materially increase our costs and diminish or eliminate our pricing advantages. Moreover, several foreign governments have enacted, or are considering, laws or regulations that restrict or prohibit the provision of voice services over the Internet or private IP networks. These measures could similarly impair our ability to offer VoIP services in affected markets.

Money Transmitter and Payment Instrument Laws and Regulations

Our consumer payment services offerings—including prepaid debit cards, remittances, and mobile top-up services provided through Global Money One and GlobeTopper—are heavily regulated industries. Accordingly, we, and the products and services that we offer in consumer payment services, are subject to a variety of federal and state laws and regulations, including:

· Banking laws and regulations;

· Money transmitter and payment instrument laws and regulations (which may require state licensing and ongoing compliance);

· Anti-money laundering laws (including the Bank Secrecy Act and related know-your-customer (“KYC”) and customer due diligence requirements);

· Privacy and data security laws and regulations (including applicable state and federal requirements and, where relevant, international frameworks such as GDPR for European operations);

· Consumer protection laws and regulations;

· Unclaimed property laws; and

· Card association and network organization rules (including Mastercard rules applicable to our debit card offerings).

Compliance with these requirements involves significant ongoing costs, reporting obligations, and risk of penalties for noncompliance. Failure to maintain necessary licenses or adhere to these regulations could materially restrict our ability to offer or expand fintech services.

Employees

Attracting and retaining qualified personnel familiar with our businesses who head our different businesses units is critical to our success. As of December 31, 2025, we had a total of 100 employees, including all subsidiaries.

Our human capital resources objectives include identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing, and integrating employees, advisors, and consultants. To achieve this, our compensation practices aim to attract and retain qualified personnel and align their interests with our goals and the best interests of our stockholders. Our compensation philosophy is to provide remuneration that meets our current needs and growth initiatives and to offer incentives for achieving our long-term plans, including equity and cash incentive plans that attract, retain, and reward personnel through stock-based and cash-based compensation awards. We consider talent attraction and retention essential for achieving our strategy, and we recognize that a trained, diverse, and engaged workforce is crucial to meeting our objectives. Our recruiting process targets a broad spectrum of potential employees, and we employ a rigorous screening process to identify and hire qualified professionals.

We are committed to diversity and inclusion in the workforce, implementing a policy of non-discriminatory treatment and respect for human rights for all current and prospective employees. We prohibit discrimination based on an individual’s race, religion, creed, color, sex, sexual orientation, age, marital status, disability, national origin, or veteran’s status, which is illegal in many jurisdictions. We respect the human rights of all employees and strive to treat them with dignity in accordance with standards and practices recognized by the international community.

Corporate History

IQSTEL, formerly known as PureSnax International, Inc., was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on June 24, 2011. PureSnax was previously a wellness brand focused on bringing healthy snacks and foods to consumers. On March 8, 2017, PureSnax exited a previous License Agreement with a Canadian snack food Licensor. From March of 2017 until its acquisition of Etelix.com USA, LLC, PureSnax was working to develop its own brand and its own products for manufacture, distribution, sales and marketing of various products within the health foods and snacks industry and to pursue related business opportunities. PureSnax acquired Etelix.com USA, LLC on June 25, 2018. The company left the healthy snacks and foods business to focus on the Telecommunications Business.

On August 30, 2018, PureSnax changed its name to “IQSTEL Inc.” and received a new CUSIP number: 46265G107, as well as a new trading symbol “IQST” in order to better resemble its new name. IQSTEL also changed the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC Code) to 4813, Telephone Communications, Except Radiotelephone.

On April 1, 2019, the Company entered into a Company Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and the Ralf Kohler, which agreement provides for the purchase of 51% of the equity and certain assets of SwissLink Carrier AG (“SwissLink”) (www.swisslink-carrier.com), a Swiss corporation, by the Company.

On February 10, 2020, the Company entered into a Company Acquisition Agreement with Jesus Vega regarding the acquisition of 51% of the shares in QGlobal, LLC (“QGlobal”). QGlobal is a company with the capacity to provide Short Messages (SMS), A2P and P2P messaging services.

On February 21, 2020, the Company entered into a Company Acquisition Agreement with Miguel Scavo regarding the acquisition of 75% of the shares in ItsBchain, LLC (“ItsBchain”) a company specialized in the development of Blockchain applications for telecommunications.

On April 15, 2020, the Company entered into a Company Acquisition Agreement with Francisco Bunt regarding the acquisition of 51% of the shares in loT Labs, LLC (“loT Labs”). The loT Labs’ principal business activity is the sale of SMS between USA and Mexico.

On November 12, 2020, the Company entered into partnership Agreement with Payment Virtual Mobile Solutions, LLC (PayVMS), a Delaware Corporation regarding the incorporation of Global Money One Inc, in which IQSTEL owns 75% of the shares and PayVMS owns the remaining 25%. Global Money One is a Fintech company with a complete infrastructure to provide top-up services, international remittances and prepaid debit cards.

On October 1, 2021, the Company entered into an agreement with Jesus Vega regarding the acquisition of the remaining 49% of the shares in QGlobal, LLC (“QGlobal”). By means of this transaction IQSTEL increased its ownership of QGlobal to 100%.

On May 13, 2022, the Company entered into a Company Acquisition Agreement regarding the acquisition of 51% of the shares in Whisl telecom LLC (“Whisl”).

On June 1, 2022, the Company entered into a Company Acquisition Agreement regarding the acquisition of 51% of the shares in Smartbiz Telecom LLC (“Smartbiz”).

On March 20, 2023, the Company entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (the “MOU”) with Got My Idol, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“GotMy”). The MOU concerns the formation of a joint venture to implement the commercial development of “Metaverse” products using the current intellectual property of Got My Idol, improving it, and packaged as products under the to be formed joint venture company and using the to be formed joint venture brand that will be owned by the to be formed joint venture company. Our equity position in the new company will be 51% and GotMy shall hold the remaining 49% of the to be formed joint venture entity.

On January 19, 2024, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with Yukon River Holdings, Ltd. (“Yukon River”), a corporation formed under the laws of the British Virgin Islands concerning the contemplated sale by Yukon River and the purchase by us of 51% of the ordinary shares Yukon River holds in QXTEL LIMITED, a company incorporated in England and Wales.

On November 1, 2024, the Company entered into a binding Memorandum of Understanding (the “Agreement”) with Mr. Ralf Koehler ("Ralf"), SwissLink Carrier Ltd., ("SwissLink") and Impact Trading & Consulting LLC ("Impact") for the purpose of outlining the understanding regarding the exchange of 49% ownership in SwissLink for our shares.

On May 14, 2025, the Company started trading in The NASDAQ Capital Market under the ticker symbol IQST. This milestone marks a defining moment in the company’s journey—from a telecom operator to a high-tech global enterprise.

On May 29, 2025, the Company entered into a Unit Purchase Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Craig Span and GlobeTopper, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ( “GlobeTopper”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to acquire fifty-one percent (51%) of the membership interests of GlobeTopper. The closing occurred on July 1, 2025.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the risks described below together with all of the other information included in this registration statement before making an investment decision with regard to our securities. The statements contained in or incorporated herein that are not historic facts are forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in or implied by forward-looking statements. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be harmed. In that case, you may lose all or part of your investment. In addition to other information in this registration statement and in other filings we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the following risk factors should be carefully considered in evaluating our business as they may have a significant impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Because of the following factors, as well as other variables affecting our operating results, past financial performance should not be considered as a reliable indicator of future performance and investors should not use historical trends to anticipate results or trends in future periods.

Risks Relating to Business and Financial Condition

Because the Company has identified that substantial doubt exists within their ability to continue as a going concern, there is an increased risk associated with an investment in our Company.

We have continually operated at a loss with an accumulated deficit of $43,276,006 as of December 31, 2025. We have not attained profitable operations and, even though the Company maintains a cash position very close to one third year's operating expenses, we are dependent upon obtaining financing or generating revenue from operations to continue operations for the next twelve months. Our future is dependent upon our ability to obtain financing or upon future profitable operations. We may seek additional funds through private placements of our common stock and/or through debt financing; however, we have no formal commitments or arrangements for such funding, and there can be no assurance that financing will be available on acceptable terms or at all. For these reasons, our auditors stated in their report that they have substantial doubt we will be able to continue as a going concern. As a result, there is a risk that you could lose the entire amount of your investment in our Company.

Because we have a limited operating history, you may not be able to accurately evaluate our operations.

We have a limited operating history upon which to evaluate the merits of investing in our Company, particularly with respect to our recent diversification into fintech and AI initiatives. Potential investors should be aware of the difficulties normally encountered by new companies and the high rate of failure of such enterprises. The likelihood of success must be considered in light of the problems, expenses, difficulties, complications and delays encountered in connection with the operations that we plan to undertake. These potential problems include, but are not limited to, unanticipated issues relating to generating sufficient cash flow, managing rapid growth from acquisitions, integrating new business lines, and controlling costs that may exceed current estimates. We expect to continue to incur significant losses into the foreseeable future. We recognize that if the effectiveness of our business plan is not forthcoming, we will not be able to continue business operations. There is no history upon which to base any assumption as to the likelihood that we will prove successful, and it is doubtful that we will generate any operating revenues or ever achieve profitable operations. If we are unsuccessful in addressing these risks, our business will most likely fail.

We are dependent on outside financing for the continuation of our operations.

Because we currently operate at a loss, we are completely dependent on the continued availability of financing in order to continue our business operations. There can be no assurance that financing sufficient to enable us to continue our operations will be available to us in the future.

We will need additional funds to complete further development of our business plan to achieve a sustainable level where ongoing operations can be funded out of revenues. There is no assurance that any additional financing will be available or if available, on terms that will be acceptable to us.

Our failure to obtain future financing or to generate sufficient revenue to meet our financial needs could result in our inability to continue as a going concern, and, as a result, our investors could lose their entire investment.

We may be unable to achieve some, all or any of the benefits that we expect to achieve from our plan to expand our operations.

In the future we may require additional financing for capital requirements and growth initiatives, including integration of recent acquisitions and development of fintech and AI capabilities. Accordingly, we will depend on our ability to generate cash flows from operations and to borrow funds and issue securities in the capital markets to maintain and expand our business. We may need to incur debt on terms and at interest rates that may not be as favorable. If additional financing is not available when required or is not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to operate our business as planned or at all, fund our expansion, successfully promote our business, develop or enhance our products and services, take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If additional financing is not available when required or is not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to operate our business as planned or at all, fund our expansion, successfully promote our business, develop or enhance our products and services, take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations Risks Relating to Our Securities If a market for our common stock does not develop, stockholders may be unable to sell their shares.

As a growing Company, we have yet to achieve a profit and may not achieve a profit in the near future, if at all.

We have revenues but we are not profitable and may not be in the near future, if at all. Further, many of our competitors have a significantly larger industry presence and revenue stream but have yet to achieve profitability. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon raising capital from financing transactions, increasing revenue and keeping operating expenses below our revenue levels in order to achieve positive cash flows, none of which can be assured.

Risk Factors Related to Our International Operations

Our operations and performance depend significantly on global and regional economic conditions and adverse economic conditions can adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

A deterioration in economic conditions and related drivers of global uncertainty and change, such as reduced business activity, high unemployment, rising interest rates, housing prices, and energy prices (including the price of gasoline), increased consumer indebtedness, lack of available credit, currency volatility, the rate of inflation, and perceptions of the economy, as well as other factors, such as terrorist attacks, protests, looting, and other forms of civil unrest, cyber-attacks and data breaches, public health emergencies (such as the COVID-19 pandemic and other epidemics), extreme weather conditions and climate change, significant changes in the political environment, political instability, armed conflict (such as the ongoing military conflict between Ukraine and Russia and tensions involving Iran and the Middle East) and/or public policy, including increased state, local or federal taxation, tariffs, sanctions or trade restrictions could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Major public health issues, including pandemics, have adversely affected, and could in the future materially adversely affect, us due to their impact on the global economy and demand for our telecommunications and fintech services; the imposition of protective public safety measures, such as shutdowns and restrictive health mandates; and disruptions in our operations, supply chain, network interconnections, and sales channels, resulting in interruptions to our business and the supply of current products and offering of existing services, and delays in production ramps of new products and development of new services.

In addition to an adverse impact on demand for our regenerative products and services, uncertainty about, or a decline in, global or regional economic conditions can have a significant impact on our suppliers, contract manufacturers, logistics providers, distributors, and other channel partners, and developers. Potential outcomes include financial instability; inability to obtain credit to finance business operations; and insolvency.

As a result, our operating results may be impacted by the health of the global economy. Volatility and disruption in global capital and credit markets may lead to slowdowns or declines in client spending which could adversely affect our business and financial performance. Our business and financial performance, including new business bookings and collection of our accounts receivable, may be adversely affected by current and future economic conditions (including a reduction in the availability of credit, higher energy costs, rising interest rates, financial market volatility and lower than expected economic growth) that cause a slowdown or decline in client spending. Reduced purchases by our clients or changes in payment terms could adversely affect our revenue growth and cause a decrease in our cash flow from operations. Bankruptcies or similar events affecting clients may cause us to incur bad debt expenses at levels higher than historically experienced. Further, volatility and disruption in global financial markets may also limit our ability to access the capital markets at a time when we would like, or need, to raise capital, which could have an impact on our ability to react to changing economic and business conditions. Accordingly, if global financial and economic volatility continues or worsens, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Adverse economic conditions can also lead to increased credit and collectability risk on our trade receivables; the failure of derivative counterparties and other financial institutions; limitations on our ability to issue new debt; reduced liquidity; and declines in the fair values of our financial instruments. These and other impacts can materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and stock price.

We have substantial revenue derived from customers outside of the United States, and we may lose revenues and market share due to exchange rate fluctuations and political and economic changes related to foreign business.

A significant portion of our revenue comes from customers and traffic outside of the United States, including high volumes routed to Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Any company conducting foreign business is always subject to economic, political and regulatory uncertainties and risks that are unique to each area of the world. Fluctuations in exchange rates may also affect the prices that foreign customers are willing to pay and may put us at a price disadvantage compared to other competitors. Potentially volatile shifts in exchange rates may negatively affect our financial position and results.

We operate a global business that exposes us to currency, economic and regulatory risks.

Our revenue comes primarily from sales and traffic outside the U.S. and our growth strategy is largely focused on emerging markets in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Our success delivering solutions and competing in international markets is subject to our ability to manage various risks and difficulties, including, but not limited to:

Our global operations subject us to many different and complex laws and rules, and we may face difficulty in compliance.

Due to our global operations across 20 countries and recent acquisitions (including QXTEL with offices in the UK, Argentina, Dubai, Serbia, and Turkey), we are subject to many laws governing international relations (including but not limited to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.S. Export Administration Act the EU General Data Protection Regulation, and the U.K. Modern Anti-Slavery Act); which prohibit improper payments to government officials and restrict where and how we can do business, what information or products we can supply to certain countries, what personal information we can transfer, and what information we can provide to a non-U.S. government. Although we have procedures and policies in place that should mitigate the risk of violations of these laws, there is no guarantee that they will be sufficiently effective. If, and when we acquire new businesses, we may not be able to ensure that the pre-existing controls and procedures meant to prevent violations of the rules and laws were effective, and we may not be able to implement effective controls and procedures to prevent violations quickly enough when integrating newly acquired businesses. Acquisitions of new businesses in new non-U.S. jurisdictions may also subject us to new regulations and laws, and we may face difficulties ensuring compliance with these new requirements.

These challenges include: (1) compliance with complex and changing laws, regulations and policies of governments that may impact our operations, such as foreign ownership restrictions, import and export controls, tariffs, and trade restrictions; (2) compliance with U.S. and foreign laws that affect the activities of companies abroad, such as anti-corruption laws, competition laws, currency regulations, and laws affecting dealings with certain nations; (3) the difficulties involved in managing an organization doing business in many different countries; (4) rapid changes in government policy, acts of terrorism, or the threat of international boycotts or U.S. anti-boycott legislation; and (5) currency exchange rate fluctuations.

Risk Factors Related to the Business of the Company

Our telecommunications line of business is highly sensitive to declining prices, which may adversely affect our revenues and margins.

The telecommunications industry is characterized by intense price competition, which has resulted in declines in both our average per-minute price realizations and our average per-minute termination costs.

A reduction in our prices to compete with any other offers in the market will not always guarantee an increase in traffic, which may result in a reduction of revenue. If these trends in pricing continue or accelerate, it could have a material adverse effect on the revenues generated by our telecommunications businesses and/or our gross margins. The continued growth of Over-The-Top calling and messaging services, such as WhatsApp, Skype and Viber have adversely affected the use of traditional phone communications. We expect this IP-based service, which offers voice communications for free, to continue to increase, which may result in increased substitution on our service offerings.

Our subsidiary GlobeTopper operates in a rapidly evolving digital payments and incentives market, and its business model may not continue to achieve market acceptance.

GlobeTopper’s services depend on continued adoption of digital gift cards, digital incentives, and related payment technologies by enterprises, distribution partners, and end users. Market preferences may shift toward alternative incentive mechanisms, new payment technologies, or competing platforms. If GlobeTopper fails to adapt its offerings to evolving customer needs or technological changes, its growth prospects and financial performance could be adversely affected.

Our products face intense competitive challenges, including rapid technological changes, and pricing pressure from competitors, which could adversely affect our business.

All of our product lines are subject to significant competition from existing and future competitors, market conditions and technological change, or a combination of them, and our sales revenues and gross margins may suffer protracted and serious declines with the result that we would likely incur protracted losses. Further, the barriers to entry in several of our lines of business are relatively low, so we may face competition from new entrants who undercut our prices with products or services that possess superior technological attributes or offer better value to customers. In this instance, we could incur protracted and significant losses and holders of our common stock would suffer losses thereby.

From time to time, we may need to reduce our prices in response to competitive and customer pressures and to maintain our market share. Competition and customer pressures may also restrict our ability to increase prices in response to commodity and other input cost increases. Our results of operations will suffer if profit margins decrease, as a result of a reduction in prices, increased input costs or other factors, and if we are unable to increase sales volumes to offset those profit margin decreases. We may also need to increase spending on marketing, advertising and new product innovation to protect existing market share or increase market share. The success of our investments is subject to risks, including uncertainties about trade and consumer acceptance. As a result, our increased expenditures may not maintain or enhance market share and could result in lower profitability.

Our operating results may fluctuate, which could have a negative impact on our ability to grow our client base, establish sustainable revenues and succeed overall.

Our results of operations may fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control including but not limited to:

As a result of these factors, we may not succeed in our business, and we could go out of business.

The termination of our carrier agreements and our inability to enter into new carrier agreements in the future could materially and adversely affect our ability to compete, which could reduce our revenues and profits.

We rely upon our carrier agreements to provide our telecommunications services to our customers. These carrier agreements are, in most cases for finite terms and, therefore, there can be no guarantee that these agreements will be renewed at all or on favorable terms to us. Our ability to compete would be adversely affected if our carrier agreements were terminated or we were unable to enter into carrier agreements in the future to provide our telecommunications services to our customers, which could result in a reduction of our revenues and profits.

Our subsidiary GlobeTopper relies on access to a large catalog of merchant brands, and the loss of key merchant relationships could materially impact its business.

GlobeTopper’s value proposition depends on maintaining access to more than 4,000 merchant brands across multiple geographies. Merchant partners may change their distribution strategies, impose new restrictions, or terminate relationships. Any reduction in catalog breadth, particularly among high-demand brands, could reduce client demand and negatively affect revenue.

Our customers could experience financial difficulties, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability if we experience difficulties in collecting our receivables.

As a provider of international long-distance services, we depend upon sales of transmission and termination of traffic to other long-distance providers and the collection of receivables from these customers. The wholesale telecommunications market continues to feature many smaller, less financially stable companies. If weakness in the telecommunications industry or the global economy reduces our ability to collect our accounts receivable from our major customers our profitability may be substantially reduced. While our most significant customers, from a revenue perspective, vary from quarter to quarter, our 37 largest customers (representing approximately 5.37% of our total customer base) collectively accounted for 90% of total consolidated revenues in fiscal year 2025. Although we are somewhat insulated from nonpayment because approximately 30% of our revenue is prepaid, this concentration of revenue increases our exposure to non-payments and we may experience significant write-offs if any of our large customers fail to pay their outstanding balances, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

We may fail to successfully integrate our acquisitions or otherwise be unable to benefit from pursuing acquisitions.

We intend to make acquisitions of complementary (including competitive) businesses, products and technologies. However, any future acquisitions may result in material transaction costs, increased interest and amortization expenses related to goodwill and other intangible assets, increased depreciation expenses and increased operating expenses, any of which could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial position. Acquisitions will require integration of acquired assets and management into our operations to realize economies of scale and control costs. Acquisitions may involve other risks, including diversion of management attention that would otherwise be available for ongoing internal development of our business and risks inherent in entering markets in which we have no or limited prior experience. In connection with future acquisitions, we may make potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities. In addition, consummation of acquisitions may subject us to unanticipated business uncertainties, contingent liabilities or legal matters relating to those acquired businesses for which the sellers of the acquired businesses may not fully indemnify us. There can be no assurance that our business will grow through acquisitions, as anticipated.

We believe there are meaningful opportunities to grow through acquisitions and joint ventures across all product and service categories and we expect to continue a strategy of selectively identifying and acquiring businesses with complementary products and services. We may be unable to identify, negotiate, and complete suitable acquisition opportunities on reasonable terms. There can be no assurance that any business acquired by us will be successfully integrated with our operations or prove to be profitable to us. We may incur future liabilities related to acquisitions. Should any of the following problems, or others, occur as a result of our acquisition strategy, the impact could be material:

Natural disasters, terrorist acts, acts of war, pandemics, cyber-attacks or other breaches of network or information technology security may cause equipment failures or disrupt our operations.

Our inability to operate our telecommunications networks because of the events listed above, even for a limited period, may result in loss of revenue, significant expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We could be harmed by network disruptions, security breaches, or other significant disruptions or failures of our IT infrastructure and related systems. To be successful, we need to continue to have available a high capacity, reliable and secure network for our and our customers’ use. As any other company, we face the risk of a security breach, whether through cyber-attacks, malware, computer viruses, sabotage, or other significant disruption of our IT infrastructure and related systems. There is a risk of a security breach or disruption of the systems we operate, including possible unauthorized access to our proprietary or classified information. We are also subject to breaches of our network resulting in unauthorized utilization of our services, which subject us to the costs of providing those services, which are likely not recoverable. The secure maintenance and transmission of our information is a critical element of our operations. Our information technology and other systems that maintain and transmit customer information may be compromised by a malicious third-party penetration of our network security, or impacted by advertent or inadvertent actions or inactions by our employees, or those of a third-party service provider or business partner. As a result, our or our customers’ information may be lost, disclosed, accessed or taken without the customers’ consent, or our services may be used without payment.

Although we make significant efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of information and systems, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging, especially in light of the growing sophistication of cyber-attacks and intrusions. We may be unable to anticipate all potential types of attacks or intrusions or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures. Certain of our business units have been the subject of attempted and successful cyber-attacks in the past. We have researched the situation and do not believe that any material internal or customer information has been compromised. We have researched the situations and do not believe any material internal or customer information has been compromised.

If we are unable to successfully manage growth, our operations could be adversely affected.

Our progress is expected to require the full utilization of our management, financial and other resources, which to date has occurred with limited working capital. Our ability to manage growth effectively will depend on our ability to improve and expand operations, including our financial and management information systems, and to recruit, train and manage sales personnel. There can be no absolute assurance that management will be able to manage growth effectively.

If we do not properly manage the growth of our business, we may experience significant strains on our management and operations and disruptions in our business. Various risks arise when companies and industries grow quickly. If our business or industry grows too quickly, our ability to meet customer demand in a timely and efficient manner could be challenged. We may also experience development delays as we seek to meet increased demand for our products. Our failure to properly manage the growth that we or our industry might experience could negatively impact our ability to execute on our operating plan and, accordingly, could have an adverse impact on our business, our cash flow and results of operations, and our reputation with our current or potential customers.

Risks Related to Legal Uncertainty

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Litigation of this type could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could seriously hurt our business. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant liabilities.

We may be subject to tax and regulatory audits which could subject us to liabilities.

We are subject to tax and regulatory audits which could result in the imposition of liabilities that may or may not have been reserved. We are subject to audits by taxing and regulatory authorities with respect to certain of our income and operations. These audits can cover periods for several years prior to the date the audit is undertaken and could result in the imposition of liabilities, interest and penalties if our positions are not accepted by the auditing entity.

Changes in regulations or user concerns regarding privacy and protection of user data, or any failure to comply with such laws, could adversely affect our business.

Federal, state, and international laws and regulations govern the collection, use, retention, disclosure, sharing and security of data that we receive from and about our users particularly in our fintech and telecommunications operations. The use of consumer data by online service providers is a topic of active interest among federal, state, and international regulatory bodies, and the regulatory environment is unsettled. Many states have passed laws requiring notification to users where there is a security breach for personal data, such as California’s Information Practices Act. We face similar risks in international markets where our products and services are offered. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with or make effective modifications to our policies, or to comply with any applicable federal, state, or international privacy, data-retention or data-protection-related laws, regulations, orders or industry self-regulatory principles could result in proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others, a loss of user confidence, damage to our business and brand, and a loss of users, which could potentially have an adverse effect on our business.

In addition, various federal, state and foreign legislative or regulatory bodies may enact new or additional laws and regulations concerning privacy, data retention, data transfer and data protection issues, including laws or regulations mandating disclosure to domestic or international law enforcement bodies, which could adversely impact our business, our brand or our reputation with users. For example, some countries are considering or have enacted laws mandating that user data regarding users in their country be maintained in their country (data localization requirements). In addition, the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and similar frameworks impose operational and compliance requirements that differ from those currently in place in other jurisdictions and include significant penalties for non-compliance.

The interpretation and application of privacy, data protection, data transfer and data retention laws and regulations are often uncertain and in flux in the United States and internationally. These laws may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from country to country and inconsistently with our current policies and practices, complicating long-range business planning decisions. If privacy, data protection, data transfer or data retention laws are interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our current policies and practices, we may be fined or ordered to change our business practices in a manner that adversely impacts our operating results. Complying with these varying international requirements could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner adverse to our business and operating results.

We may be subject to legal liability associated with providing online services or content.

We host and provide a wide variety of services and technology products that enable and encourage individuals and businesses to exchange information; upload or otherwise generate photos, videos, text, and other content; advertise products and services; conduct business; and engage in various online activities both domestically and internationally. The law relating to the liability of providers of online services and products for activities of their users is currently unsettled both within the United States and internationally. We may be subject to domestic or international actions alleging that certain content we have generated or third-party content that we have made available within our services violates laws in domestic and international jurisdictions.

It is also possible that if any information provided directly by us contains errors or is otherwise wrongfully provided to users, third parties could make claims against us. For example, we offer web-based e-mail services and fintech operations, which expose us to potential risks, such as liabilities or claims, by our users and third parties, resulting from unsolicited communications, lost or misdirected messages, illegal or fraudulent use of e-mail, alleged violations of policies, property interests, privacy protections, including civil or criminal laws, or interruptions or delays in service. We may also face purported consumer class actions or state actions relating to our online services, including our fee-based services. In addition, our customers, third parties, or government entities may assert claims or actions against us if our online services or technologies are used to spread or facilitate malicious or harmful code or applications.

Investigating and defending these types of claims are expensive, even if the claims are without merit or do not ultimately result in liability and could subject us to significant monetary liability or cause a change in business practices that could negatively impact our ability to compete.

Security breaches, denial of service attacks, or other hacking and phishing attacks on our systems or other security breaches, including internal security failures, could harm our reputation or subject us to significant liability, and adversely affect our business and financial results.

As a critical infrastructure service provider in telecommunications and fintech, we transmit large amounts of data over our systems, and process and store highly sensitive customer data. Consequently we, our third-party service providers, and our customers operate in an industry that is prone to cyber-attacks. Despite our efforts to prevent these events, some of these attacks could result in a material adverse impact to our operations due to distributed denial of service attacks, ransomware attacks, malware, virus, credential harvesting, man-in-the-middle attacks, or social engineering attacks. We do not believe these incidents are likely to have a material adverse impact on our ability to serve our customers or our business, operations or financial results.

Cyber-attacks on our systems may stem from a variety of sources and take many forms. Cyber-attacks can put at risk personally identifiable information, customer data or protected information, thereby implicating stringent domestic and foreign data protection laws. These threats may also arise from failure or intrusions of systems owned, operated or controlled by other unaffiliated third-party operators, upon whom we are materially reliant to operate our business. Various other factors could intensify these risks, including, (i) our maintenance of information in digital form stored on servers connected to the Internet, (ii) our use of open- and software-defined networks, (iii) the challenges of operating and maintaining our complex multi-continent network composed of legacy and acquired properties, which is more difficult to safeguard than newer fully-integrated networks, (iv) growth in the size and sophistication of our customers and their service requirements, (v) increased use of our network due to greater demand for data services, (vi) the large number of our employees working from remote locations, (vii) our IT support agreements with purchasers of businesses we have divested over the past few years and (viii) as further discussed below, the difficulty of defending against increasingly sophisticated attacks.

Cyber-attacks could (i) disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems, which could in turn disrupt the operations of our customers, (ii) result in the destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of proprietary, confidential, sensitive, classified or otherwise valuable information of ours, our employees, our customers or our customers’ end users, (iii) require us to notify customers, regulatory agencies or the public of data incidents, (iv) damage our reputation or result in a loss of business, (v) require us to provide credits for future service to our customers or to offer expensive incentives to retain customers, (vi) subject us to claims by our customers or regulators for damages, fines, penalties, license or permit revocations or other remedies, (vii) result in the loss of industry certifications or (viii) require significant management attention or financial resources to remedy the resulting damages or to change our systems. Any or all of the foregoing developments could have a material adverse impact on us.

We believe the importance of our network to global internet data flows will continue to make it a target to a wide range of threat actors, including nation state actors and other advanced persistent threat actors. Moreover, the risk of incidents is likely to continue to increase due to several factors, including (i) the increasing use of machine learning, AI and other sophisticated techniques to initiate cyber and phishing attacks, (ii) the wider accessibility of cyber-attack tools that can circumvent security controls and evade detection, which can delay and limit our ability to accurately assess and fully remediate the impact of the attack, and (iii) growing threats from Chinese, Russian and other state actors due to heightened geopolitical tensions and rivalries, and the attendant increased possibility of cyber warfare targeting us in the event of a direct conflict. It should also be noted that defenses against cyber-attacks currently available to us and others are unlikely to prevent intrusions by a highly-determined, highly-sophisticated threat actor. Thus far, none of our past security incidents have had a material adverse effect on us, and we continue to take steps designed to limit our cyber risks. Nonetheless, we cannot assure you that future cyber incidents or events will not ultimately have a material adverse impact on our business, operations or financial results.

Provisions in the Nevada Revised Statutes and our Bylaws could make it very difficult for an investor to bring any legal actions against our directors or officers for violations of their fiduciary duties or could require us to pay any amounts incurred by our directors or officers in any such actions.

Members of our board of directors and our officers will have no liability for breaches of their fiduciary duty of care as a director or officer, except in limited circumstances, pursuant to provisions in the Nevada Revised Statutes and our Bylaws as authorized by the Nevada Revised Statutes. Specifically, Section 78.138 of the Nevada Revised Statutes provides that a director or officer is not individually liable to the Company or its stockholders or creditors for any damages as a result of any act or failure to act in his or her capacity as a director or officer unless it is proven that (1) the director’s or officer’s act or failure to act constituted a breach of his or her fiduciary duties as a director or officer and (2) his or her breach of those duties involved intentional misconduct, fraud or a knowing violation of law. Specifically, Section 78.138 of the Nevada Revised Statutes provides that a director or officer is not individually liable to the company or its stockholders or creditors for any damages as a result of any act or failure to act in his or her capacity as a director or officer unless it is proven that (1) the director’s or officer’s act or failure to act constituted a breach of his or her fiduciary duties as a director or officer and (2) his or her breach of those duties involved intentional misconduct, fraud or a knowing violation of law. This provision is intended to afford directors and officers protection against and to limit their potential liability for monetary damages resulting from suits alleging a breach of the duty of care by a director or officer. Accordingly, you may be unable to prevail in a legal action against our directors or officers even if they have breached their fiduciary duty of care. In addition, our Bylaws allow us to indemnify our directors and officers from and against any and all costs, charges and expenses resulting from their acting in such capacities with us. This means that if you were able to enforce an action against our directors or officers, in all likelihood, we would be required to pay any expenses they incurred in defending the lawsuit and any judgment or settlement they otherwise would be required to pay. Accordingly, our indemnification obligations could divert needed financial resources and may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock.

Nevada law and certain anti-takeover provisions of our corporate documents could entrench our management or delay or prevent a third party from acquiring us or a change in control even if it would benefit our shareholders.

Certain provisions of Nevada law may have an anti-takeover effect and may delay or prevent a tender offer or other acquisition transaction that a shareholder might consider to be in his or her best interest. The summary of the provisions of Nevada law set forth below does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to Nevada law.

The issuance of shares of preferred stock, the issuance of rights to purchase such shares, and the imposition of certain other adverse effects on any party contemplating a takeover could be used to discourage an unsolicited acquisition proposal. For instance, the issuance of a series of preferred stock might impede a business combination by including class voting rights that would enable a holder to block such a transaction. In addition, under certain circumstances, the issuance of preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power of holders of our common stock.

Under Nevada law, a director, in determining what he reasonably believes to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, does not need to consider only the interests of the corporation’s shareholders in any takeover matter but may also, in his discretion, may consider any of the following:

Because our board of directors is not required to make any determination on matters affecting potential takeovers solely based on its judgment as to the best interests of our shareholders, our board could act in a manner that would discourage an acquisition attempt or other transaction that some, or a majority, of our shareholders might believe to be in their best interests or in which such shareholders might receive a premium for their stock over the then market price of such stock. Our board presently does not intend to seek shareholder approval prior to the issuance of currently authorized stock, unless otherwise required by law or applicable stock exchange rules.

As a smaller reporting company, we areexempt from certain disclosure requirements, which could make our Common Stock less attractive to potential investors.

We are a smaller reporting company, and we will remain a smaller reporting company until the fiscal year following the determination that our voting and non-voting common shares held by non-affiliates is more than $250 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, or our annual revenues are more than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and our voting and non-voting common shares held by non-affiliates is more than $700 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter.

Since we are no longer eligible for emerging growth company status, we will be subject to the reporting obligations of a smaller reporting company and, if we continue to grow, we may be subject to increased reporting requirements applicable to accelerated filers, which are more onerous than those applicable to smaller reporting companies.

Similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies are able to provide simplified executive compensation disclosure, are exempt from the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404, and have certain other reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, being required to provide only two years of audited financial statements and not being required to provide selected financial data, supplemental financial information or risk factors. These scaled disclosure requirements are less comprehensive than issuers that are not smaller reporting companies which could make our Common Stock less attractive to potential investors, which could make it more difficult for our stockholders to sell their shares.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting in the future, we may not be able to accurately report our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common shares.

We are required, under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment includes disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting that results in more than a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act also generally requires an attestation from our independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, for as long as we remain a smaller reporting company, we intend to take advantage of the exemption permitting us not to comply with the independent registered public accounting firm attestation requirement.

Our compliance with Section 404 will require that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management efforts. We may not be able to complete our evaluation, testing and any required remediation in a timely fashion. During the evaluation and testing process, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we will be unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective.

Our management identified the following material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, which are indicative of many small companies with small staff: (i) inadequate segregation of duties and effective risk assessment; and (ii) insufficient written policies and procedures for accounting and financial reporting with respect to the requirements and application of both US GAAP and SEC guidelines.

We cannot assure you that there will not be material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. This may expose us, including individual executives, to potential liability which could significantly affect our business. If we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm determines we have a material weakness or significant deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting once that firm begins its audits of internal control over financial reporting, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common shares could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by FINRA, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is accumulated and communicated to management, recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements or insufficient disclosures due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Deficiencies in disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could result in a material misstatement in our financial statements.

We could be adversely affected if there are deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or in our internal controls over financial reporting. The design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent all errors, misstatements or misrepresentations. Consistent with other entities in similar stages of development, we have a limited number of employees currently in the accounting group, limiting our ability to provide for segregation of duties and secondary review. A lack of resources in the accounting group could lead to material misstatements resulting from undetected errors occurring from an individual performing primarily all areas of accounting with limited secondary review. Deficiencies in internal controls over financial reporting which may occur could result in material misstatements of our results of operations, restatements of financial statements, other required remediations, a decline in the price of our common shares, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

Risks Relating to Our Securities

We have the right to issue additional common stock and preferred stock without the consent of stockholders which would have the effect of diluting investors’ ownership and could decrease the value of their investment.

We have additional authorized, but unissued shares of our common stock that may be issued by us for any purpose without the consent or vote of our stockholders that would dilute stockholders’ percentage ownership of our Company.

In addition, our certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of shares of preferred stock and/or the conversion of existing outstanding preferred stock into common stock, the rights, preferences, designations and limitations of which may be set by the Board of Directors. Our certificate of incorporation has authorized issuance of up to 26,000,000 shares of common stock and up to 1,200,000 shares of preferred stock in the discretion of our Board.

The shares of authorized but unissued preferred stock may be issued upon Board of Directors approval; no further stockholder action is required. If issued, the rights, preferences, designations and limitations of such preferred stock would be set by our Board and could operate to the disadvantage of the outstanding common stock. Such terms could include, among others, preferences as to dividends and distributions on liquidation, conversion rights, voting rights and others, potentially diluting common stockholders or adversely affecting the market price of our common stock.

Our largest shareholders, officers and directors and related parties, Leandro Iglesias and Alvaro Cardona, have substantial control over us and our policies as a result of their holdings in Series A Preferred Stock, and will be able to influence all corporate matters, which might not be in other shareholders’ interests.

There were 10,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding as of the date of this Annual Report, with Mr. Iglesias holding 7,000 shares and Mr. Cardona the other 3,000 shares. There were 5,070,743 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding as of the date of this Annual report, with Mr. Iglesias holding 18,436 shares and Mr. Cardona holding 18,066 shares, which together accounts for just over 0.719% of our outstanding common stock. Holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to vote together with the holders of our common stock on all matters submitted to shareholders at a rate of 51% of the total vote of shareholders, including the election of directors. Our common stock is entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders, including the election of directors. By virtue of their ownership of Series A Preferred Stock and common stock, they are able to vote at a rate of approximately 51.35% of the total vote of shareholders. They are therefore able to exercise significant influence over all matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors, the approval of significant corporate transactions, and any change of control of our Company. They could prevent transactions, which would be in the best interests of the other shareholders. Their interests may not necessarily be in the best interests of the shareholders in general.

We do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any return on investment may be limited to the value of our common stock.

We do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. The payment cash of dividends on our common stock will depend on earnings, financial condition and other business and economic factors affecting it at such time as the board of directors may consider relevant. The payment of dividends on our common stock will depend on earnings, financial condition and other business and economic factors affecting it at such time as the board of directors may consider relevant. If we do not pay cash dividends, our common stock may be less valuable because a return on your investment will occur only if our stock price appreciates. If we do not pay dividends, our common stock may be less valuable because a return on your investment will occur only if our stock price appreciates.

Risks Related to the Market for our Securities

If a market for our common stock does not develop, stockholders may be unable to sell their shares.

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “IQST.” Although our shares are listed on a national securities exchange, trading in our common stock has historically been limited, and there can be no assurance that an active or sustained trading market will develop. Limited liquidity may make it difficult for stockholders to sell their shares without adversely affecting the market price. Unless we are able to generate and maintain increased investor interest in our securities, the market price of our common stock may continue to experience significant volatility.

The market price of our common stock is likely to be highly volatile and could fluctuate widely in price in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control.

Our stock price is subject to a number of factors, including:

• Technological innovations or new products and services by us or our competitors;

• Government regulation of our products and services;

• The establishment of partnerships with other companies;

• Intellectual property disputes;

• Additions or departures of key personnel;

• Sales of our common stock or preferred stock;

• Our ability to integrate operations, technology, products and services;

• Our ability to execute our business plan;

• Operating results below or exceeding expectations;

• Whether we achieve profits or not;

• Loss or addition of any strategic relationship;

• Industry developments;

• Economic and other external factors; and

• Period-to-period fluctuations in our financial results.

Our stock price may fluctuate widely as a result of any of the above. In addition, the securities markets have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

If our common stock were to be delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market, we could become subject to the SEC’s “penny stock” rules, which could reduce the level of trading activity in our stock.

Although our common stock is currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market and therefore exempt from the SEC’s penny stock rules, any delisting could result in our securities being subject to those rules. The SEC generally defines a “penny stock” as an equity security with a market price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exemptions. The penny stock rules impose additional sales practice and disclosure requirements on broker-dealers that effect transactions in penny stocks, including providing a standardized risk disclosure document, disclosing current bid and ask quotations, detailing broker-dealer compensation, and obtaining a written determination of suitability from the purchaser. These requirements could reduce the level of trading activity in our stock and make it more difficult for investors to sell their shares if our securities become subject to the penny stock rules.

We will likely conduct further offerings of our equity securities in the future, in which case your proportionate interest may become diluted.

We will likely be required to conduct equity offerings in the future to finance our current projects or to finance subsequent projects that we decide to undertake. If our common stock shares are issued in return for additional funds, the price per share could be lower than that paid by our current shareholders. We anticipate continuing to rely on equity sales of our common stock shares in order to fund our business operations. If we issue additional common stock shares or securities convertible into shares of our common stock, your percentage interest in us could become diluted.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will, to some extent, depend on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our shares or change their opinion of our shares, our share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

As a technology and communications company that globally transmits large amounts of information over our networks, we recognize the critical importance of maintaining the security and integrity of information and systems under our control. We view cybersecurity risk as one of our principal enterprise-wide risks, subject to control and monitoring at various levels of management throughout our Company. We dedicate resources commensurate with our risk profile and business size to programs designed to identify, assess, manage, mitigate and respond to cybersecurity threats.

As described in Item 1A “Risk Factors,” several features of our operations heighten our susceptibility to cyber-attacks, including (i) our material reliance on systems owned, operated or controlled by unaffiliated third-party operators (including carriers and network partners), (ii) our processing and storage of large amounts of sensitive customer data in our telecommunications and fintech operations, and (iii) the complexity of our multi-continent network composed of legacy and acquired systems. Cyber-attacks on our systems may be initiated by a wide variety of intruders, including employees, cyber-criminals, nation state actors and other advanced persistent threat actors, and may include attempts by outside parties to gain access to sensitive data that is stored in or transmitted across our network. Cyber-attacks can take many forms, including computer hackings, computer viruses, ransomware, worms or other destructive or disruptive software, denial of service attacks, or other malicious activities.

We have implemented cybersecurity risk management procedures, in accordance with our risk profile and business size. We rely on our information technology to operate our business. As such, we have policies and processes designed to protect our information technology systems, some of which are managed by third parties, and resolve issues in a timely manner in the event of a cybersecurity threat or incident.

We have designed our business applications to minimize the impact that cybersecurity incidents could have on our business and have identified back-up systems where appropriate. We seek to further mitigate cybersecurity risks through a combination of monitoring and detection activities, use of anti-malware applications, employee training, quality audits and communication and reporting structures, among other processes. We have a trained group of people to carry out the activities of monitoring and detection of cybersecurity threats and respond to any cybersecurity threats or incidents. The Head of IT department is responsible for oversight of cybersecurity risks and addressing potential cybersecurity risks to business programs, employees, clients, vendors and partners. The Head of IT Department reports to our Chief Executive Officer who reports to the Audit Committee at the board-level, as appropriate.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company has not identified any cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

The Company continues to monitor its systems and third-party environments for potential threats and to evaluate and enhance our cybersecurity controls as our business evolves, including following acquisitions and the expansion of fintech services.