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Risk Factors - AZZ

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Item 1A. Risk Factors" herein as well as other risks that are described from time to time in our SEC reports as filed. You are urged to consider these factors carefully when evaluating the forward-looking statements herein and are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements, which are qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. These statements are based on information as of the date hereof and AZZ assumes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

PART I

Item 1. Business

AZZ Inc. ("AZZ", the "Company", "our" or "we") was established in 1956 and incorporated under the laws of the state of Texas. We are a provider of hot-dip galvanizing and coil coating solutions to a broad range of end-markets in North America. We have three distinct operating segments: the AZZ Metal Coatings segment, the AZZ Precoat Metals segment, and the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment. Our AZZ Metal Coatings segment is a leading provider of metal finishing solutions for corrosion protection, including hot-dip galvanizing, spin galvanizing, powder coating, anodizing and plating to the North American steel fabrication industry and other industries. The AZZ Precoat Metals segment provides aesthetic and corrosion protective coatings and related value-added services for steel and aluminum coil, primarily serving the construction; appliance; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC); container; transportation and other end markets in North America. The AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment consists of our 40% interest in AIS Investment Holdings LLC (the "AVAIL JV"). AIS Investment Holdings LLC is primarily dedicated to delivering safe and reliable transmission of power from generation sources to end customers, automated weld overlay solutions for corrosion and erosion mitigation to critical infrastructure in markets worldwide. AIS Investment Holdings LLC was wholly-owned by AZZ until September 30, 2022, when we contributed our AZZ Infrastructure Solutions business, excluding AZZ Crowley Tubing and excluding certain receivables retained by AZZ ("AIS"), to the AVAIL JV and sold a 60% interest in the AVAIL JV to Fernweh Group LLC ("Fernweh"). For the years ended February 28, 2023 and February 28, 2022, financial data for the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions business is segregated and reported as discontinued operations.

Unless stated otherwise, the discussion of our business and financial information throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K refers to our continuing operations and results from continuing operations.

Strategy

AZZ is North America’s leading independent post-fabrication hot-dip galvanizing and coil coating solutions company with leading positions in markets we serve. We strive to provide high quality manufactured solutions to our customers while delivering long-term value to our shareholders by:

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•Integrating human capital, diversity and environmental initiatives into our operations and corporate culture;

•Ensuring shareholder engagement is embedded into developing and executing on AZZ’s strategic goals;

•Driving profitable growth in both AZZ Metal Coatings and AZZ Precoat Metals segments; and

•Targeting increased capital returns to shareholders.

Seasonality

Our business is cyclical in nature, as seasonal fluctuations affect volumes, revenue, and earnings. Historically, we experience increases in our business during the warmer months, and slowdowns during the winter, as the largest portion of our business is related to the construction industry. Volumes, operating costs and earnings can also be adversely affected by inclement weather, especially the impact of severe winter weather in our fourth fiscal quarter.

AZZ Metal Coatings Segment

The AZZ Metal Coatings segment provides hot-dip galvanizing, spin galvanizing, powder coating, anodizing and plating, and other metal coating applications to the steel fabrication industry and other industries through facilities located throughout the United States and Canada. Hot-dip galvanizing is a metallurgical manufacturing process in which molten zinc reacts with steel. The zinc alloying provides corrosion protection and extends the lifecycle of fabricated steel for several decades. As of February 29, 2024, we operated 41 galvanizing plants, six surface technologies plants and one tubing plant, located in various locations throughout the United States and Canada.

Competition

Metal coating is a highly competitive business, and we compete with other galvanizing companies, captive galvanizing facilities operated by manufacturers, and alternate forms of corrosion protection such as material selection (stainless steel or aluminum) or alternative barrier protections such as paint and weathering steel. Our galvanizing markets are generally limited to areas within relatively close proximity to our metal coating plants.

We typically serve fabricators or manufacturers that provide solutions to the transmission and distribution, bridge and highway, petrochemical and general industrial markets, and numerous original equipment manufacturers. We do not depend on any single customer for a significant amount of our sales, and we do not believe the loss of any single customer would have a material adverse effect on our consolidated sales or net income.

Resources

Zinc, the principal raw material used in the galvanizing process, is currently readily available, but can be subject to volatile pricing. We manage our exposure to changes in the price of zinc by entering into agreements with our zinc suppliers and such agreements generally include fixed premiums. We may or may not continue to use these or other strategies to manage commodity risk in the future.

Recent Acquisitions

On February 28, 2022, we entered into an agreement to acquire all the outstanding shares of DAAM Galvanizing Co. Ltd. ("DAAM"), a privately held hot-dip galvanizing company based in Edmonton, Alberta Canada. The acquisition added two galvanizing facilities and a service depot and supported our goal of continued geographic expansion as well as portfolio expansion of our metal coatings solutions.

On December 31, 2021, we completed the acquisition of the assets of Steel Creek Galvanizing Company, LLC, a privately held hot-dip galvanizing company based in Blacksburg, South Carolina. The acquisition expanded our geographical reach in metal coating solutions and broadened our offerings in strategic markets.

For additional information on the AZZ Metal Coatings segment's operating results, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis—Results of Operations." For additional financial information by segment, see "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 18."

AZZ Precoat Metals Segment

AZZ Precoat Metals engages in the advanced application of protective and decorative coatings and related value-added manufacturing for steel and aluminum coil primarily serving the construction; appliance; heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC); container; transportation and other end markets. The acquisition of Precoat Metals in fiscal year 2023 supported our goal of continued geographic expansion as well as portfolio expansion of our metal coatings solutions. The AZZ

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Precoat Metals segment operates through 13 plants located in the United States, and is constructing a new facility in Washington, Missouri that is expected to be operational by 2025.

Competition

AZZ Precoat Metals operates in a highly competitive industry, where we compete with other toll coil coaters, and integrated steel and aluminum mills. Our customers, and us as their toll processor, also face competition from alternative forms of coated metal, like powder-coated metal, or from other potential substrates such as wood, plastics, or concrete that could be used in place of painted metal.

We primarily serve distributors, fabricators and manufacturers that ultimately provide manufactured painted products to the construction, appliance, HVAC, transportation, container, and general industrial markets, as well as numerous original equipment manufacturers. We do not depend on any single customer for a significant amount of our sales, and we do not believe the loss of any single customer would have a material adverse effect on our consolidated sales or net income.

Resources

Paint and customer-owned substrate availability are important for our toll-coating process. Although paint prices have risen in recent years, we carry limited risk associated with paint cost, as it is a pass-through to our customer base. There are currently no concerns regarding the availability of customer-owned bare substrate as an input to our coil coating process, despite recent volatility in substrate price and lead times.

For additional information on the AZZ Precoat Metals segment's operating results, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis—Results of Operations." For additional financial information by segment, see "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 18."

AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment

AZZ's Infrastructure Solutions segment consists of the equity in earnings of the Company's 40% investment in the AVAIL JV, as well as other expenses directly related to AIS receivables and liabilities that were retained following the divestiture of the AIS business.

The AVAIL JV is a leading provider of specialized products and services primarily designed to support industrial and electrical applications. In addition to our product offerings, our AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment also focuses on life-cycle extension for the power generation, refining and industrial infrastructure, through providing automated weld overlay solutions for corrosion and erosion mitigation.

For additional information regarding the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions financial results, see "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 19."

Human Capital Management

At AZZ, our culture is defined by trust, respect, accountability, integrity, teamwork and sustainability ("TRAITS"). We value our employees by continuously investing in a healthy work-life balance, offering competitive compensation and benefit packages and a team-oriented environment centered on professional service and open communication among our employees. We are dedicated to our employees by fully training and equipping them and providing a safe environment to grow personally and professionally. We strive to build, maintain and create a work environment that attracts and retains employees who are high contributors, have outstanding skills, are engaged in our culture, and who embody our Company mission: to create superior value in a culture where people can grow both professionally and personally, and where TRAITS matter.

Attracting, developing and retaining the best talent in our industry is important to all aspects of AZZ’s long-term strategy and continued success. We recognize that an engaged workforce directly contributes to our efforts to improve AZZ’s sustainability and performance.

Our Employees

As of February 29, 2024, we employed approximately 3,873 people worldwide, of which 3,575 were employed in the U.S. and 298 were employed in Canada. Our total workforce consisted of approximately 84% hourly employees and 16% salaried employees. Of our total employees as of February 29, 2024, 624 were covered by collective bargaining agreements.

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Diversity and Inclusion

We embrace the diversity of our employees, customers, vendors, suppliers, stakeholders and consumers, including their unique backgrounds, experiences, skills and talents. Everyone is valued and appreciated for their distinct contributions to the growth and sustainability of our business.

Equal Opportunity Employment is a fundamental principle of our Company, where employment and applications for employment are evaluated based upon a person’s capabilities and qualifications without discrimination based on actual or perceived race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin, disability, genetic information, marital status, veteran status, sexual orientation, or any other protected characteristic as established by applicable local, state, federal or international laws. This principle is incorporated into each of the Company's policies and procedures relating to recruitment, hiring, promotions, compensation, benefits, discipline, termination and all of AZZ’s other terms and conditions of employment. We seek to continuously improve our hiring, development, advancement and retention of diverse talent and our overall diversity representation.

As of February 29, 2024, our U.S. employees had the following race and ethnicity demographics:

Approximately 52.4% of our employees are diverse, as reported to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

As of February 29, 2024, our employees had the following gender demographics:

Additionally, 22.2% of the executive team and 22.2% of our non-employee Board members are female.

Employee Compensation and Benefits

We are committed to paying our employees competitive and fair compensation that is commensurate with their position and performance and is competitive in the markets in which they work. We conduct regular surveys of the market rates for jobs to ensure that our compensation is competitive. We offer annual merit-based increases, as well as annual short- and long-term incentive packages that are aligned with the Company’s vision and key business objectives and are intended to motivate strong performance.

We believe our employees are critical to the success of our business and we structure our benefits package to attract and retain a highly talented and engaged workforce. We are continuously evolving our programs to adapt to our employees’ and their family’s needs, and to provide comprehensive health, wellness and quality of life coverage. Our programs vary by location, but most include the following benefits:

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Growth and Development

We invest in and provide ongoing development and continuous learning opportunities for all of our employees. AZZ supports enterprise-wide professional development by offering a variety of instructor-led and self-paced learning programs ranging in audience from individual contributors to supervisors and executive leadership. We also provide a variety of resources to help our employees grow professionally and personally and build new skills, including (i) online development courses containing unlimited access to more than 4,500 learning modules, (ii) continuing education credits, and (iii) learning preferences such as in-person seminars, videos and webinars. AZZ also provides tuition assistance for employees enrolled in higher education programs directed at improving their performance or helping them prepare for future leadership roles within the Company and emphasizes individual development training as part of our annual performance goal setting process.

Periodically, all employees have the opportunity and are encouraged to provide feedback on their employee experience through an anonymous employee survey. The feedback received through this survey is used to drive actions to improve the overall experience for employees across the Company, as well as to support continuous improvement in leader effectiveness and to enhance our corporate culture.

Health and Safety

Core to our corporate values, AZZ emphasizes safeguarding our people and fostering a culture of safety awareness that promotes the wellbeing of our employees, contractors and business partners. We maintain a safety culture grounded on the premise of eliminating workplace incidents, risks and hazards, while operating and delivering our work responsibly and sustainably. AZZ has created and implemented training and audit processes and incident learning communications to help mitigate safety events and to reduce the frequency and severity of accidents. AZZ has safety teams and has a formal mentor training program that includes a diverse group of management and hourly employees that contribute to the overall safety culture of our facilities.

We review and monitor safety performance closely. Our goal is to achieve zero serious injuries through continued investments in core safety programs and injury reduction initiatives. We utilize a mixture of leading and lagging indicators to assess the health and safety performance of our operations. Lagging indicators include the Occupational Safety & Health Administration: (i) Total Recordable Incident Rate ("TRIR"); (ii) Lost Time (or Lost Workday) Incident Rate ("LTIR") based upon the number of incidents per 100 employees (or per 200,000 work hours); and (iii) Days Away, Restricted or Transferred rate ("DART"). Leading indicators include reporting of all near miss events as well as Environmental, Health and Safety ("EHS") coaching and engagement. In fiscal year 2024, we continued to demonstrate excellence in safety across our 61 plants worldwide, and incident rates as indicated below:

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Information About Our Executive Officers

The names, ages, and experience of our executive officers as of April 22, 2024 are as follows:

Each executive officer was elected by the Board of Directors to hold office until the next annual meeting of shareholders or until their successor is elected. No executive officer has any family relationships with any other executive officer of the Company.

Available Information

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and, if applicable, amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available free of charge on or through our web site, www.azz.com/investor-relations, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The SEC’s website, www.sec.gov, contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including AZZ, that file electronically with the SEC. References to our website in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are provided as a convenience, and the information on our website is not, and shall not be deemed to be a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or incorporated into any other filings we make with the SEC.

Corporate Governance and Sustainability

Our Company’s Board of Directors (the "Board"), with the assistance of its Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, has adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines that set forth the Board’s policies regarding corporate governance and its oversight of the Company's sustainability efforts. In connection with the Board’s responsibility to oversee our legal compliance and conduct business based upon a foundation of the highest business ethics and social responsibility, the Board has adopted the following policies:

•Code of Conduct, which applies to the Company’s officers, directors and employees;

•Vendor Code of Business Conduct that applies to dealings with our customers, suppliers, vendors, and third-party

representatives, including agents and business partners;

•Human Rights Policy; and

•Environmental Health and Safety Policy.

The Board has adopted charters for each of its Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. You may review the Corporate Governance Guidelines, Codes of Conduct or any of our sustainability or corporate social responsibility policies, and our Committee charters under the heading "Investor Relations,"

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subheadings "Corporate Governance," or "Corporate Social Compliance" on our website at: www.azz.com. We intend to disclose future amendments to, or waivers from, certain provisions of the Code of Conduct on our website.

You may also obtain a copy of these documents by mailing a request to:

AZZ Inc.

Investor Relations

One Museum Place, Suite 500

3100 West 7th Street

Fort Worth, TX 76107

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our business is subject to a variety of risks, including, but not limited to, the risks described below, which we believe are the most significant risks and uncertainties facing our business. Carefully consider the risks described below and all of the other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K when deciding whether to invest in our securities or otherwise evaluating our business. You should also refer to the explanation of the qualifications and limitations on forward-looking statements contained here under the heading "Forward-Looking Statements."

Risks Related to Our Business and Operations

Our business segments operate in highly competitive markets.

Our operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter.

Our quarterly results may be materially and adversely affected by the following, among others:

•changes in political actions and landscapes across the globe, including global conflicts;

•unstable political economic conditions and public health issues or crisis, such as a pandemic, delaying our or our customer's operations;

•timing and volume of work under new or existing agreements;

•general economic conditions;

•fluctuations in the budgetary spending of customers, including seasonality;

•increases in manufacturing or transportation costs;

•variations in margins, due to sales price or manufacturing complexities, of projects performed during any particular quarter;

•losses experienced in our operations not otherwise covered by insurance;

•delays of raw materials or component suppliers;

•a change in the demand of our manufactured solutions caused by severe weather conditions;

•a change in the mix of our customers, contracts and business;

•modifications or changes in customer delivery schedules;

•ability or willingness of customers to timely pay their invoices when owed to us; and

•changes in interest rates.

Accordingly, our operating results in any particular quarter may not be indicative of the results expected for any other quarter or for the entire year.

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Our business requires skilled labor, and we may be unable to attract and retain qualified employees.

Our ability to maintain our productivity and profitability could be limited by an inability to employ, train and retain skilled personnel necessary to meet our labor requirements. A significant increase in the wages paid by competing employers could result in a shortage of skilled personnel, increases in labor-related costs, or both. It is necessary that we maintain a skilled labor force to operate efficiently and support our growth strategy.

Our business segments are cyclical and are sensitive to economic downturns.

Our customers may delay or cancel new or previously planned projects. If there is a downturn in the general economies in which we operate, there could be a material adverse effect on price levels and the quantity of goods and services purchased by our customers, which could adversely impact our sales, consolidated results from operations and cash flows. All of these factors combined together could materially impact our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

A portion of the sales from our segments are from markets outside the U.S. The occurrence of any of the risks described below could have an adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, cash flows and financial condition:

•political and economic instability in the countries where we conduct business;

•social unrest, acts of war terrorism, severe weather events, other natural conditions, and global outbreaks of contagious diseases;

•inflation, or hyper-inflation or recession;

•significant currency fluctuations, currency devaluations or restrictions on currency conversions;

•governmental activities that limit or disrupt markets, restrict payments or limit the movement of funds;

•trade restrictions, tariffs and economic embargoes by the United States or other countries; and

•travel restrictions placed upon personnel.

At this time, the ongoing armed conflicts in Ukraine, Israel and the broader Middle East have not materially impacted our operations. However, any disruption of our customers or suppliers and their respective contract manufacturers from the ongoing conflicts or new conflicts could likely impact our future sales and operating results. These situations are outside of the Company’s control and any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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Supply chain disruptions and inflation in the price of energy and certain raw materials for our business segments may adversely affect our operations.

In our AZZ Precoat Metals segment, paint and natural gas costs represent a large portion of our cost of sales.

For both segments, operating margins could be negatively impacted by supply chain disruptions and adverse price movements in the market for zinc, natural gas, and paint. Unanticipated commodity price increases could significantly increase our operating costs if we cannot pass the costs to our customers, and could potentially adversely affect profitability. The following factors, which are beyond our control, affect the price of raw materials and energy for our segments:

•supply and demand;

•freight costs and transportation availability;

•trade duties and taxes; and

•labor disputes.

We seek to maintain our operating margins by increasing the price of our manufactured solutions in response to increased costs but may not be successful in passing these increased costs of operation through to our customers. Even if successful, there is no guarantee the increased price would not negatively affect the volume of future orders. While the Company is exposed to inflationary pressures for zinc, and energy, the Company evaluates market conditions and follows a general practice of locking in the fixed premiums associated with zinc on annual contracts unless market conditions dictate otherwise, and we enter into energy contracts for gas and electricity normally for durations of six- to twelve-months to reduce risks associated with large fluctuations in these commodities.

No other individual material input cost represents a significant portion of our cost of sales other than those previously discussed. We believe for the remaining input costs any price increase would not be able to significantly affect margins even if the increased costs could not be passed on to our customers.

Such incidents or cyber security attacks may also result in faulty business decisions, operational inefficiencies, damage to our reputation or our employee and business relationships, and/or subject us to costs, fines, or lawsuits.

Our business is heavily supported by operational systems to process large amounts of data and support complex transactions. Third-parties may also attempt to fraudulently induce employees into disclosing sensitive information such as user names, passwords or other information in order to gain access to customer or supplier data or our internal data, including intellectual property, financial, and other confidential business information. We rely on commercially available systems, software, tools, third-party service providers and monitoring to provide security for processing, transmission and storage of confidential information and data. While we have security measures in place, our systems, networks, and third-party service providers have been and will continue to be subject to ongoing threats. We believe our mitigation measures reduce but cannot eliminate the risk of a cyber incident; however, there can be no assurance that our existing and planned precautions of backup systems, regular data backups, security protocols and other procedures will be adequate to prevent significant damage, system failure or data loss and the same is true for our suppliers and other third parties on which we rely. Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative or mitigating measures. We and our third-party service providers have experienced and expect to continue to experience actual or attempted cyber-attacks of our information systems or networks; however, none of these actual or attempted cyber-attacks had a material impact on our operations or financial condition. Any significant cyber security attacks that affect our facilities, our customers, our key suppliers, or material financial data could have a material adverse effect on our business.

In addition, cyber-attacks on our customers, suppliers and employee data may result in a financial loss, including potential fines for failure to safeguard data, and may negatively impact our reputation. An unauthorized disclosure or use of information could cause interruptions in our operations and might require us to spend significant management time and other resources investigating the event and dealing with local and federal law enforcement.

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Occurrences of any of the events discussed above could disrupt our business, result in potential liability or reputational damage or otherwise have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property, we may lose some of our competitive advantage.

We possess intellectual property, which is instrumental in our ability to compete and grow our business.

Defects in the solutions we provide could increase our cost of quality and could result in consequential damage claims.

Our business exposes us to potential liability risks that are inherent in the manufacture and sale of our solutions. We provide assurance-type warranties for our coil coating solutions. Widespread manufacturing defects and quality system failures could result in significant losses due to the costs of containment, the destruction of customer-owned inventory, consequential damages and lost sales due to the unavailability of a solution for a period of time. A significant warranty claim could also result in adverse publicity, damage to our business reputation, and a loss of consumer confidence in our solutions or offerings all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business financial condition or results of operations.

Risks Related to Strategy

Our acquisition strategy involves a number of risks.

We intend to pursue continued growth through acquiring the assets of target companies that will enable us to (i) expand our product and service offerings and (ii) increase our geographic footprint. However, we may be unable to implement this growth strategy if we are not able to reach agreement on mutually acceptable terms to complete the acquisition. Moreover, our acquisition strategy involves certain risks, including:

•risks and liabilities from our acquisitions that may not be discovered during the pre-acquisition due diligence process;

•difficulties in the post-acquisition integration of operations and systems;

•the termination of relationships with key personnel and customers of the acquired company;

•the potential failure to add additional employees to manage the increased volume of business;

•additional post-acquisition challenges and complexities in areas such as tax planning, treasury management, financial reporting and legal compliance;

•a disruption of our ongoing business or an inability of our ongoing business to receive sufficient management attention;

•a failure to realize the cost savings or other financial benefits we anticipated prior to acquisition;

•expansion through acquisition may expose us to new business, regulatory, political, operational, financial, and economic risks associated with such expansion, both inside and outside of the U.S.; and

•counterparties to the transaction may fail to perform.

Future acquisitions may require us to obtain additional equity or debt financing, which may not be available to us, and may increase our leverage ratios.

We may be unsuccessful at implementing and generating internal growth from our strategic growth initiatives.

Our ability to generate internal growth will be affected by, among other factors, our ability to:

•attract new customers, internationally and domestically;

•integrate regulatory changes;

•increase the number or size of projects performed for existing customers;

•hire and retain employees:

•complete construction projects in a timely manner; and

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•increase volume utilizing existing facilities.

Many of the factors affecting our ability to generate internal growth through our initiatives may be beyond our control, and we cannot be certain that our strategies will be successful or that we will be able to generate cash flow sufficient to fund our operations and to support internal growth.

The departure of key personnel could disrupt our business.

We depend on the continued efforts of our executive officers and senior management team. The future loss of key personnel, or the inability to hire and retain qualified employees, could negatively impact our ability to manage our business, which could disrupt our operations or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business.

Risks Related to Legal Liability, Taxes, and Regulations

Actual and potential claims, lawsuits, and proceedings could ultimately reduce our profitability and liquidity and negatively impact our financial condition.

The Company could be named as a defendant in legal proceedings claiming damages from us in connection with the operation of our business. Where material, we may adjust any such financial provisions from time to time depending on developments related to each case.

Changes to U.S. trade policy, tariff and import/export regulations and foreign government regulations could adversely affect our business, operating results, foreign operations, sourcing of materials and financial condition.

Changes in U.S. or international social, political, regulatory and economic conditions or in laws and policies governing foreign trade, manufacturing, development and investment in the territories or countries where we currently manufacture, distribute and/or sell our manufactured solutions or conduct our business, as well as any negative sentiment toward the U.S. as a result of such changes, could adversely affect our business. New tariffs, changes in existing tariffs and other changes in U.S. trade policy have the potential to adversely impact the economies in which we operate or certain sectors thereof, our industry and the demand for our manufactured solutions, and as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our business is also subject to risks associated with U.S. and foreign legislation and regulations relating to imports, including quotas, duties, tariffs or taxes, and other charges or restrictions on imports, which could adversely affect our operations and our ability to import or export manufactured solutions at current or increased levels, and substantially all of our import operations are subject to customs duties on imported manufactured solutions imposed by the governments where our production facilities are located, including raw materials. We cannot predict whether additional U.S. and foreign customs quotas, duties (including antidumping or countervailing duties), tariffs, taxes or other charges or restrictions, requirements as to where raw materials must be purchased, reporting obligations pertaining to "conflict minerals" mined from certain countries, additional workplace regulations, or other restrictions on our imports will be imposed upon the importation or exportation of our manufactured solutions in the future or adversely modified, or what effect such actions would have on our costs of operations.

Regulations related to conflict minerals could adversely impact our business.

Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, which established annual disclosure and reporting requirements for publicly-traded companies that use tin, tantalum, tungsten or gold (collectively, "conflict minerals") mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries in their manufactured solutions, we are subject to certain annual disclosures and audit requirements. There are costs associated with complying with these disclosure requirements, including costs for due diligence

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to determine the source of any conflict minerals used in our manufactured solutions and other potential changes to manufactured solutions, processes, or sources of supply.

Adoption of new or revised employment and labor laws and regulations could make it easier for our employees to obtain union representation and our business could be adversely impacted.

As of February 29, 2024, 624 (or 16.1%) of our full-time employees were represented by unions under collective bargaining agreements. Our U.S.-based employees have the right at any time under the National Labor Relations Act to form or affiliate with a union. If a large portion of our U.S. workforce were to become unionized and the terms of the collective bargaining agreement were significantly different from our current compensation arrangements, it could increase our operating costs and adversely impact our profitability.

Various federal, state and international labor and employment laws govern our relationship with employees and affect operating costs. These laws include minimum wage requirements, overtime, unemployment tax rates, workers’ compensation rates, leaves of absence, mandated health and other benefits, and citizenship requirements. Significant additional government-imposed increases or new requirements in these areas could materially affect our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows.

Risks Related to Environmental Conditions

Climate change could impact our business.

Climate change could present risks to our future operations from severe weather events and other natural conditions, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, wildfires, droughts or flooding. Consequences of such extreme weather conditions could include physical risks to our facilities, supply chain disruptions, increased operational costs, as well as the price and/or availability of insurance coverage for Company assets. We cannot predict the potential timing or impact from potential global warming, winter storms and other severe weather events and other natural conditions.

Changes in environmental laws and regulations and heightened focus on corporate sustainability initiatives and practices are under increased scrutiny by both governmental and non-governmental bodies, which could cause a change in our business practices by increasing capital, compliance, operating and maintenance costs, which could impact our future operating results.

The financial impact of the heightened focus on sustainability practices for all companies to increase efficiencies in consumption of resources and regulations regarding greenhouse gas emissions will depend on a number of factors including, but not limited to:

•the sectors covered;

•future permitted levels for greenhouse gas emissions;

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•the extent to which we would be entitled to receive emission allowance allocations or would need to invest in additional compliance equipment or compliance instruments, either on the open market or through auctions;

•the price and availability of emission allowances and credits; and

•the impact of legislation or other regulation on our ability to recover the costs incurred through the pricing of our manufactured solutions.

Our operations could be adversely impacted by the effects of future changes to the law and government regulations regarding emissions, the environment and other sustainability matters.

Risks Related to Financial Matters and Our Capital Structure

The Company’s flexibility to operate its business could be impacted by provisions in its debt obligations.

The Company cannot assure that any of these remedies can be effected on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Our indebtedness and restrictive debt covenants could materially adversely affect our financial condition, our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, our ability to operate our business, our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry, our ability to meet our obligations under our outstanding indebtedness and could divert our cash flow from operations for debt payments.

Our consolidated indebtedness increased substantially following the completion of the acquisition of Precoat Metals ("Precoat Acquisition") in May 2022. This increased level of indebtedness could adversely affect us, including by decreasing our business flexibility. Our Credit Agreement contains a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us. These covenants may limit our ability to optimally operate our business. In addition, our Credit Agreement requires that we meet certain financial tests, including a leverage ratio test. Our increased indebtedness and these restrictive covenants could adversely affect our ability to:

•finance our operations;

•make needed capital expenditures;

•make strategic acquisitions or investments or enter into joint ventures;

•withstand a future downturn in our business, the industry or the economy in general;

•engage in business activities, including future opportunities, that may be in our best interest; and

•plan for or react to market conditions or otherwise execute our business strategies.

The covenant restrictions related to our indebtedness could impact our ability to expand our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As a result of these restrictions, we could be limited as to how we conduct our business and we may be unable to raise additional debt or equity financing to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities. The terms of any future indebtedness we may incur could include more restrictive covenants. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain compliance with these covenants in the future and, if we fail to do so, that we will be able to obtain waivers from the lenders and/or amend the covenants. Our failure to comply with the restrictive covenants described above and/or the terms of any future indebtedness from time to time could result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could result in our being required to repay

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these borrowings before their due date and the termination of future funding commitments by our lenders. During fiscal 2024, we successfully refinanced our long-term debt to lower interest rates; however, if we are forced to refinance these borrowings on less favorable terms or cannot refinance these borrowings in the future, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. The Credit Agreement contains cross-default provisions that could result in the acceleration of all of our indebtedness. A breach of the covenants under our Credit Agreement could result in an event of default under the applicable indebtedness. Such a default may allow the creditors to accelerate the related indebtedness and may result in the acceleration of any other indebtedness to which cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies. In addition, an event of default under the Credit Agreement would permit the lenders under the Credit Agreement to terminate all commitments to extend further credit under that facility. Furthermore, if we were unable to repay amounts due and payable under the Credit Agreement, those lenders could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure that indebtedness. In the event our lenders accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we and our guarantors may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness. Additionally, we may not be able to borrow money from other lenders to enable us to refinance our indebtedness. Increased levels of indebtedness could also create competitive disadvantages for us relative to other companies with lower debt levels.

Our investment in the AVAIL Joint Venture could be materially and adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority over the majority of the strategic and operational decisions of the business, corporate governance matters, and our reliance on our AVAIL Joint Venture partner's financial condition.

On September 30, 2022, we completed a disposition of 60% of the equity of AIS Investment Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the "AVAIL JV"), which consists of our former AZZ Infrastructure Solutions Segment (excluding AZZ Crowley Tubing) (the "AIS Business"), with Fernweh AIS Acquisition LP, a Delaware limited partnership. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, AZZ no longer has a controlling interest in the AVAIL JV, and therefore the AVAIL JV is operating and will continue to operate independently. As the non-controlling interest holder in the AVAIL JV, our influence on all aspects of the AIS Business will continue to diminish. Accordingly, we might not be able to prevent the AVAIL JV from taking actions adverse to our interests in the AVAIL JV. We cannot exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the AIS Business, including, but not limited to, hiring and retaining employees and executive officers, management of and payments into its multiemployer pension plans, governance issues, entering into new markets or exiting existing markets, making certain acquisitions or dispositions, and other material strategic transactions, which in each case could create the potential risk of creating operational issues and/or impasses on decisions or decisions at the AVAIL JV-level not in our best interest. Additionally, investments in joint ventures or partnerships, such as the AVAIL JV, may, under certain circumstances, involve risks not present when a third-party is not involved, including the possibility that joint venture partners may become bankrupt, fail to fund their share of required capital contributions to various parties, or otherwise struggle operationally or financially. Disputes between AZZ Inc, and our joint venture partner could result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expense and distract our executive officers and directors from focusing their time and efforts on AZZ Inc.'s business and could result in subjecting the AIS Business to additional risk.

Any of the foregoing operational risks could materially reduce the expected return of our prior investment in the AVAIL JV and materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and the trading price of our securities.

Adverse changes in the value of assets or obligations associated with our defined benefit pension plan could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

We have a defined benefit pension plan which is frozen with respect to benefits and the addition of participants. The funded status and our ability to satisfy the future obligations of the plan is affected by, among other things, changes in interest rates, returns from plan asset investments, and actuarial assumptions including the life expectancies of the plan’s participants. As of February 29, 2024, the plan was underfunded, and we have a liability of $31.1 million on our consolidated balance sheet. Our ability to adequately fund or meet our future obligations with respect to the plan could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

A change in a customer’s creditworthiness could result in significant accounts receivable write-offs.

As a normal course of business, we extend credit to certain of our customers. The Company may perform various credit checks and evaluate the customer's previous payment history. While we do not believe we have significant concentration of sales with any one customer, we have certain larger customers, which could result in a significant amount of credit exposure if there is a sudden or severe change in the customer’s creditworthiness. We monitor our outstanding receivables on a regular basis; however, if a customer with large

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credit exposure is unable to make payment on its outstanding receivables, we could experience a significant write-off of accounts receivable, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair market value of net assets acquired in business combinations. Factors that could indicate that our goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets are impaired include a decline in our stock price and market capitalization, lower than projected operating results and cash flows and economic downturns or slower growth rates in our industry, market downturns or major events like a global pandemic.

Intangible assets on the consolidated balance sheets are comprised of customer relationships, non-compete agreements, trademarks, technology and certifications. Intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by a comparison of their carrying amount to the estimated undiscounted cash flows to be generated by those assets. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount, we record impairment losses for the excess of their carrying value over the estimated fair value.

Should a review indicate impairment, a write-down of the carrying value of the goodwill or intangible asset would occur, resulting in a non-cash charge, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial statements, impact our credibility with our shareholders, or impact our relationships with our customers, suppliers or supporting banks.

We are exposed to exchange rate fluctuations in the international markets in which we operate.

In addition, currency fluctuations cause the U.S. dollar value of our Canadian results of operations and net assets to vary with exchange rate fluctuations. A decrease in the value of the Canadian currency relative to the U.S. dollar could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Our operations entail inherent risks that may result in substantial liability.

The insurance we carry to mitigate many of these risks may not be adequate to cover future claims or losses.

Tax legislation and administrative initiatives or challenges to our tax positions could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We operate in locations throughout the U.S. and Canada and, as a result, we are subject to the tax laws and regulations of U.S. federal, state, and local governments and the Canadian government. From time to time, various legislative or administrative initiatives may be proposed that could adversely affect our tax positions. In addition, U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax laws and regulations are extremely complex and subject to varying interpretations. There can be no assurance that our tax positions will not be challenged by relevant tax authorities or that we would be

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successful in any such challenge.

The insurance coverage that we maintain may not fully cover all operational risks.

We maintain property, business interruption, casualty and cyber/information security insurance but such insurance may not cover all of the risks associated with the hazards of our business and is subject to limitations, including deductibles and maximum liabilities covered. We may incur losses beyond the limits, or outside the coverage, of our insurance policies, including liabilities for environmental remediation. In the future, the types of insurance we obtain and the level of coverage we maintain may be inadequate or we may be unable to continue to maintain our existing insurance or obtain comparable insurance at a reasonable cost.

The Series A Preferred Stock has a liquidation preference and redemption amount significantly in excess of the carrying amount of the Series A Preferred Stock.

The 6.0% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series A Preferred Stock”) has a liquidation preference equal to the greater of (i) the aggregate principal amount of $240.0 million (the “Series A Base Amount”) plus accrued but unpaid dividends and (ii) the amount that would have been received had the shares of Series A Preferred Stock been converted immediately prior to liquidation (or other event giving rise to the payment). As of February 29, 2024, the holders of the shares of Series A preferred stock were entitled to a liquidation preference of approximately $312.5 million, in the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company as of such year end.

If the Company undergoes a change of control, bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation or de-listing of the Company’s common stock (a “Fundamental Change Event”), holders of Series A Preferred Stock may elect to (i) receive the as-converted value of the Company’s common stock at the then-current Conversion Price, (ii) require the Company to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock in cash for the Redemption Amount (as defined below) or (iii) if a non-cash change of control, retain their shares of Series A Preferred Stock.

The Company will have the right to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock at a price equal to the greater of (i) the Series A Base Amount plus accrued but unpaid dividends; (ii) the initial Series A Base Amount (excluding any prior PIK dividends) multiplied by the Return Factor less all dividends paid through the redemption date; or (iii) the amount the holder of such share of convertible preferred stock would have received had such holder, immediately prior to such redemption date, converted such shares of convertible preferred stock into common shares (such greater amount, the “Redemption Amount”).

The redemption price under option (ii) contains a "Return Factor," which will be equal to 1.4 until May 13, 2024 and, (a) in each of the three years thereafter, will increase by 0.15, (b) will increase by an additional 0.15 after May 13, 2024 (the second anniversary of the issuance date of the Series A Preferred Stock) if (i) the Company’s ratio of net debt to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) (as defined in the May 13, 2022 Credit Agreement) on the second anniversary of the issuance date of the Series A Preferred Stock is greater than 3.5-to-1 and (ii) prior to May 13, 2024, the Company has not consummated dispositions of assets that, in the aggregate, resulted in proceeds in excess of $200.0 million and (c) will increase by an additional 0.20 on May 13, 2028, (the sixth anniversary of the issuance date of the Series A Preferred Stock) and each anniversary thereafter.

The redemption price under option (iii) is subject to provisions of the Certificate of Designation that limits the Company’s right to redeem to the period following the two year anniversary of the initial issuance, limits the quarterly conversion to up to 25% of the number of shares of convertible preferred stock outstanding, and requires the Company’s market price per share of common stock to exceed 185% of the conversion price.

As of February 29, 2024, the Redemption Amount for the Series A Preferred stock was $312.5 million. Should the Company exercise its right to redeem the Series A Preferred stock, net income and net income per share available to common shareholders would be reduced, as the excess of the Redemption Amount over the carrying value of the Series A Preferred Stock would be paid to the Series A Preferred stockholders as an additional dividend, which would result in decreased net income available to common stockholders and earnings per share.

Shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of our Series A Preferred Stock will be dilutive to our existing shareholders upon conversion and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

As of February 29, 2024, we had outstanding 240,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock with an aggregate liquidation preference of approximately $312.5 million. As of February 29, 2024, shares of Series A Preferred Stock are convertible into 4.1 million shares of common stock. The issuance of common stock upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock would result in immediate dilution to existing holders of our common stock.

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Further, the Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior to our common stock, which could affect the value of the common stock on liquidation or on a change in control transaction.

Blackstone may sell shares of our common stock in the public market, which may cause the market price of our common stock to decrease, and therefore make it more difficult to raise equity financing or issue equity as consideration in an acquisition.

Our registration rights agreement with Blackstone requires us to register all shares of common stock held by Blackstone and its permitted transferees issuable upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock under the Securities Act, which we completed on November 4, 2022. The registration rights for Blackstone allow Blackstone to sell its shares without compliance with the volume and manner of sale limitations under Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act, and facilitates the resale of such securities into the public market. The market value of our common stock could decline as a result of sales by Blackstone from time to time. In particular, the future sale of a substantial number of the shares of our common stock by Blackstone within a short period of time, or the perception that such sale might occur, could cause our stock price to decrease, make it more difficult for us to raise funds through future offerings of our common stock or acquire other businesses in the future using our common stock as consideration for the purchase price.

Interest Rate Risk

An increase in interest rates would increase interest costs on variable-rate debt and could adversely impact the ability to refinance existing debt.

As of February 29, 2024, we have $1.0 billion of gross debt outstanding that bears interest at variable rates that reset periodically and are generally based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") or Base Rate, as defined in the Credit Agreement. We utilize interest rate swaps to mitigate the interest rate risk, and we have hedged approximately one-half of our gross debt outstanding. However, approximately one-half of our gross debt outstanding is unhedged. If interest rates increase, so will our interest costs, which could adversely affect cash flow and the ability to pay principal and interest on our debt and the ability to make distributions to shareholders. In addition, rising interest rates could limit our ability to refinance existing debt when it matures. An increase in interest rates could also affect our ability to make new investments on favorable terms or at all.

We may increase our debt or raise additional capital in the future, which could affect our financial condition, may decrease our profitability or could dilute our shareholders.

We may increase our debt or raise additional equity capital in the future, subject to restrictions in our debt agreements, whether in a private offering or pursuant to our effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which we filed on January 10, 2024. If our cash flow from operations is less than we anticipate, or if our cash requirements are more than we expect, we may require more financing. However, debt or equity financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we incur additional debt or raise equity through the issuance of additional shares of common stock or other equity-linked securities, the terms of the debt or any shares of common stock or other equity-linked securities issued may give the holders rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock, particularly in the event of liquidation.

General Risks Factors

The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile.

The market price of our stock may be influenced by many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the following:

•the inability to meet the financial estimates of analysts who follow our common stock;

•investor perceptions of the investment opportunity associated with our Company relative to other investment alternatives;

•strategic actions by us or our competitors;

•announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, joint marketing relationships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

•variations in our quarterly operating results and those of our competitors;

•general economic and stock market conditions;

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•risks relating to our business and our industry, including those discussed above;

•changes in conditions or trends in our industry, markets or customers;

•cyber-attacks, terrorist acts or armed hostilities;

•future sales of our common stock or other securities;

•repurchases of our outstanding shares; and

•material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.

These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Cybersecurity

We recognize the critical importance of cybersecurity in today's digital landscape and acknowledge the inherent risks associated with cyber threats. As such, cybersecurity is an integral component of our overall risk management strategy and corporate governance framework.

To meet business objectives, we rely on both internal information technology systems and networks, and those of third parties and their vendors, to process and store sensitive data, including confidential research, business plans, financial information, intellectual property, and personal data that may be subject to legal protection, and to ensure the continuity of our supply chain.

We maintain a cybersecurity risk management program designed to identify, assess, manage, mitigate, and respond to cybersecurity threats. The underlying controls of this program are based on recognized best practices and standards for cybersecurity and information technology, including those set forth in the National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST") Cybersecurity Framework. Among the key elements of our cybersecurity risk management program are the following:

•Security Awareness and Training - We use an IT security awareness program consisting of training on the fundamentals of information security protection. These training courses are provided annually to all employees.

•Annual Risk Assessment - An annual risk assessment is conducted by a third party, which is designed to assess the effectiveness of the Company's security controls and to identify key risks.

•Network Protection - Network protection, detection, and monitoring technologies have been deployed on all external and internal network connections to segment different sections of the business from each other to strengthen key protection capabilities.

•Identity and Access Management - We have implemented user authentication controls on the Company's systems, devices, data and applications. In addition, multi-factor authentication is implemented for all personnel who remotely access or have privileged account access to systems and networks.

•Penetration Testing – We have partnered with a third-party penetration testing company to help identify new vulnerabilities and continuously improve the security posture of the Company through annual testing.

•Endpoint Detection and Response ("EDR") – EDR is an integrated, layered approach to endpoint protection that uses continuous monitoring and data analytics. We have partnered with a third-party security operations center, to provide critical support in monitoring, identifying and assessing cyber threats such as malware, ransomware, breaches, and denial of service attacks.

•Security Incident Management - In the event of a cybersecurity incident, we have established an incident response plan, which outlines clear protocols for incident detection, containment, investigation, and resolution, aiming to minimize the impact on our operations, customers, and stakeholders.

We do not believe that any risks from cybersecurity threats, including any as a result of prior cybersecurity incidents we have experienced, have had a material adverse impact on our operations, business or financial condition. For more information regarding the risks we face from cybersecurity threats, see "Item 1A. Risk Factors."

Our approach to cybersecurity governance is embedded within the broader governance structure of the Company. The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors is tasked with reviewing our policies and procedures related to cybersecurity risks,

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including the Company's cybersecurity risk management program discussed above, to ensure their alignment with industry best practices and regulatory standards. The Audit Committee and the Board of Directors ("Board") regularly engages with management to assess cybersecurity risks, mitigation efforts, and the overall effectiveness of our cybersecurity program.

Our Director of Information Technology Infrastructure leads a dedicated management committee responsible for overseeing cybersecurity matters. The Information Security committee contributes decades of experience in technology, cybersecurity, architecture, and incident response in both military and private sector with certifications including Certified Information Systems Security Professional ("CISSP"), Certified Ethical Hacker ("CEH"), CompTIA Secure Infrastructure Specialist ("CSIS"), and degrees in cybersecurity, data science, and computer science. Collectively, this team has served in various large, publicly traded companies, implementing and managing robust IT and cybersecurity programs, developing tools, and safeguarding internal networks, business applications, customer-facing applications, and payment systems. This committee consists of members with diverse expertise, including information technology, legal, risk management and finance, who collaborate to provide strategic guidance, evaluate potential risks and ensure the adequacy of our cybersecurity measures. The committee regularly provides updates to senior leadership and the Audit Committee, as well as the full Board, which includes information regarding our cybersecurity program initiatives, program performance, and the reporting provided by third party service providers.

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