Risk Factors.

As with any business, the Company’s business and operations involve risks and uncertainties. In addition to the other discussions in this report, particularly those under the headings “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” below and “Forward-Looking Statements” above, the following factors should be considered:

Business Risks

We develop, manufacture, and sell flavors, flavor enhancers, ingredients, extracts, and bionutrients; essential oils; agricultural ingredients, including dehydrated vegetables and other food ingredients; natural and synthetic food and beverage colors; personal care colors and ingredients; pharmaceutical and nutraceutical excipients and ingredients; and technical colors, specialty colors, and specialty dyes and pigments. We sell these products to customers in industries and markets that are highly competitive. We face intense competition from multiple competitors in each of our business lines. These competitors range from large multinational companies with broad and sophisticated product portfolios and outstanding technological capabilities to smaller more specialized regional companies that focus on a single product line or offering. These competitors range from large multinational flavor companies with broad and sophisticated product portfolios and outstanding technological capabilities to smaller more specialized regional companies that focus on a single product line or offering. Our success against these competitors depends upon our ability to continually develop and manufacture safe, high quality, innovative, and legally compliant products across each of our product lines in varying batch sizes, at varying frequencies, and at acceptable prices. We also must provide outstanding product development support, on time delivery, regulatory assistance, and after-sale product support to all of our customers, wherever they are located. If we are unable to do these tasks, or if competitors do any of these tasks better than we do, we may lose part or all of our business with some customers. We do lose business to competitors from time to time. Competition can reduce both our sales and the prices at which we are able to sell our products or cause us to incur additional costs to remain competitive, which can negatively affect our results. Competition can reduce both our sales and the prices at which we are able to sell our products, which can negatively affect our results. As we continue to develop new technologies and products to meet customer demands, we may encounter, and have encountered, that our competitors have patented or applied to patent relevant subject matter in our industry. These patents may negatively impact the selection of products that we can offer to our customers or otherwise increase potential risk of an infringement lawsuit if we offer a similar product. Any limitations on our ability to offer a full range of products may increase the likelihood that our customers would purchase from our competitors and adversely affect our profitability. While all of our manufacturing facilities currently remain open, it remains possible that a government could order partial or total shutdown of one or more of our facilities.

We compete around the world in various geographic regions and product markets. Global economic and political conditions affect our businesses and the businesses of our customers and suppliers. Economic downturns, changes in interest rates, lower consumer confidence, decreasing employment levels, price instability, inflation, slowing economic growth, and social and political instability in the industries and/or markets where we compete could negatively affect our financial performance in future periods and adversely impact our ability to grow or sustain our business. For example, current macroeconomic and political instability caused by high interest rates, global supply chain disruptions, inflation, ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine as well as in the Middle East, and geopolitical tensions have adversely impacted, and could continue to adversely impact, our results of operations. Some of our suppliers are located in areas facing significant conflict. For example, suppliers located in Ukraine are our main source of sunflower oil, which is primarily used in our savory and beverage businesses. In addition, we source certain of our crops in Turkey, which could be adversely impacted by the continuing impacts and uncertainties from the continued fighting in Syria and potential political tensions between Turkey and the United States. We have encountered difficulties, and may continue to encounter difficulties, in finding favorable pricing and reliable alternative sources or substitutes for certain of the raw materials we need (including sunflower oil) for certain products. If these difficulties persist, accelerate, or expand, our operations could be adversely affected. In addition, the rapid changes in and unpredictability of certain U.S. policies has caused continuing volatility in global economic and political conditions. It continues to be increasingly difficult to strategically plan internationally given such volatility. As an international company with long-term sales and supply contracts globally, we may be adversely impacted by any decision of the administration that we were unable to anticipate, or mitigate the results of, and such impact could have an adverse effect on our financial performance and future growth.

These increased costs, or any potential shortage of energy or raw materials, could adversely affect our profitability. The military conflicts may also increase the risk of cybersecurity incidents, including the risk of cyberattacks in retaliation based upon the United States’ and/or European Union’s support for Ukraine or Israel. Such attacks, whether on us or on critical infrastructure and financial institutions globally, could also adversely affect our operations.

In addition, the credit markets provide us with liquidity to operate and grow our business beyond the liquidity that our cash flows provide. A worldwide economic downturn and/or disruption of the credit markets could reduce our access to capital or significantly increase our costs of capital, which may negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. We have seen our interest expense rise as a result of higher interest rates, and continued high rates may negatively affect our results.

We develop, manufacture, and distribute our products around the world. Generally, our labs and plants are dedicated to particular product lines. For example, many (but by no means all) of our food colors products are developed and manufactured in our St. Louis facility. While we have redundant capabilities across labs and plants for many product lines, in some cases, we only manufacture particular products at one facility. To establish a new manufacturing capability at a plant could require substantial time, money, and numerous governmental and customer approvals. Additionally, because of the complexity and highly specialized nature of many of the products we produce, and the highly customized equipment used to produce such products, it would require a tremendous amount of technical, engineering, and management time and effort to establish the new capability. Additionally, because of the complexity and highly specialized nature of many of the products we produce, it would require a tremendous amount of technical, engineering, and management time and effort to establish the new capability. Manufacturing involves inherent risks such as significant equipment malfunctions, industrial accidents, environmental events, labor disputes, labor shortages, product quality control issues, safety issues, licensing, and regulatory compliance requirements, as well as natural disasters, conflicts, terrorist acts, civil unrest, ERP software issues, cyber-attacks, and other events that we cannot control. Manufacturing involves inherent risks such as industrial accidents, environmental events, labor disputes, labor shortages, product quality control issues, safety issues, licensing and regulatory compliance requirements, as well as natural disasters, conflicts, terrorist acts, ERP software issues, cyber-attacks, and other events that we cannot control. For example, our Agricultural Ingredients business incurred additional costs as a result of equipment inefficiencies in recent years; while we have attempted to remediate these inefficiencies, we may continue to incur additional costs in our business if such inefficiencies continue. If one of our research and development or manufacturing facilities is disrupted or impaired, we could cause a supply disruption to our customers, which could cause short and long-term damage to our customer relationships and a reduction in our revenue and an increase in our costs. Sales of flavors, colors, cosmetic ingredients, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical excipients and ingredients, and many of our other products depend in part upon our customers’ ability to create and sell products to consumers in highly competitive markets, all of which are beyond our control. Such disruption would have an adverse effect on our financial performance and future growth. Such disruption would have an adverse effect on our financial performance and future growth.

Generally, we do not sell products directly to consumers. The customers to whom we sell our products incorporate our products into their own products. Our customers face intense competition. This competitive pressure has caused some of our customers to change or reduce ordering patterns, to resist price increases, to discontinue or reduce existing product offerings, and to introduce fewer new products and reduce or eliminate traditional limited time offerings. This competitive pressure has caused some of our customers to change or reduce ordering patterns, to resist price increases, to discontinue or reduce existing product offerings, and to introduce fewer new products and reduce or eliminate traditional limited time offerings. Some of our large, multinational customers may increasingly become vertically integrated as a result of cost pressures, supply chain disruptions, or other reasons. We would lose business to the extent any of our customers are able to produce the products that we otherwise supply them. Additionally, the commercial outlets for many of our customers are also under intense competitive or political pressure, which has caused many such commercial outlets to be resistant to price increases from their suppliers. Additionally, the commercial outlets for many of our customers are also under intense competitive pressure, which has caused many such commercial outlets to be resistant to price increases from their suppliers. Ultimately, our ability to sell our products to customers depends upon our customers’ ability to succeed against their competitors and to respond effectively to the demands of their own customers, including pressure to reduce prices. When our customers do not successfully compete, as happens from time to time, it can impact our sales and the prices at which we sell our products, which can negatively affect our results.

In some of our product lines, our sales are concentrated with a small number of customers. While we do not currently have any single customer that we consider to be significant to us as a whole, the loss of a significant customer for a particular product line could substantially affect the sales and profitability of that line or the business unit that sells that product line, which may cause us to re-evaluate that line. Those developments could negatively affect our results.

The Company has manufacturing facilities located around the world. The Company sells to customers located both inside and outside the countries in which products are manufactured. The Company also depends upon suppliers both inside and outside the countries in which products are manufactured. The Company also depends upon suppliers both inside and outside the countries in which products are manufactured. Tariffs and other trade barriers imposed by the U.S. or other countries have affected and could continue to adversely affect our manufacturing costs, our ability to source and import raw materials, our ability to export our products to other markets, and our ability to compete successfully against other companies that are not impacted by tariffs to the same extent as the Company. Additionally, the uncertainties created by tariffs and other trade barriers have also affected and could continue to affect our customers’ demand for our products because, for example, the customers decide to delay product launches or destock inventory due to these uncertainties. It is difficult to predict the effects of current or future tariffs and other trade barriers and disputes, and the Company’s efforts to reduce the effects of tariffs through pricing and other measures may not be effective. It is difficult to predict the effects of current or future tariffs and other trade barriers and disputes, and the Company’s efforts to reduce the effects of tariffs through pricing and other measures may not be effective. We have generally taken pricing actions in response to the tariffs imposed by the Trump administration. The legality of such tariffs is currently in question and if it is ultimately determined that the tariffs need to be refunded, our customers may request some form of compensation for the tariff costs that were passed onto them. The magnitude and timing of repayment of any such amounts could adversely affect our results. Tariffs and turmoil in international trade agreements could reduce demand for products and services, increase costs, reduce profitability, or adversely impact our supply chains, which may adversely impact our business. In some cases, our products, such as U.S. grown garlic and onion, benefit from tariffs levied against foreign products. If these beneficial tariffs were reduced or eliminated, it could adversely affect these businesses; on the other hand, if these tariffs were increased, these businesses might benefit, but our broader business and financial condition could still be adversely impacted by increases in tariffs and restrictions on trade. Conversely, other companies may allege, and in some cases have alleged, dumping by third parties of certain raw materials that we purchase, such as the recent antidumping and countervailing duty case filed involving paprika oleoresin imports from India. Any duties imposed may ultimately lead to higher prices and potential supply issues, which could negatively impact our results.

Many of our customers have consolidated in recent years and we expect the combination trend to continue in many business lines. These consolidations have often produced large, sophisticated customers with increased buying power who are more capable of resisting price increases or vertically integrating. These consolidations have often produced large, sophisticated customers with increased buying power who are more capable of resisting price increases. If the larger size or greater buying power of those customers results in additional negotiating strength, the prices we are able to charge could be negatively affected and our profitability could decline. In addition, if any of these large customers are able to produce the products that we otherwise supply them, our results of operations may be adversely impacted.

Although we do not generally make or sell proprietary consumer products, many of our products are sold to companies that develop and market consumer products, either directly or through other commercial and retail outlets. Sales of flavors, colors, personal care ingredients, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical excipients and ingredients, and many of our other products depend in part upon our customers’ ability to create and sell products to consumers in highly competitive markets, all of which are beyond our control. Sales of flavors, colors, cosmetic ingredients, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical excipients and ingredients, and many of our other products depend in part upon our customers’ ability to create and sell products to consumers in highly competitive markets, all of which are beyond our control. Our sales could also be affected by changing regulations or technologies (including, for example, off-label prescription drug use for weight loss that could change consumer consumption patterns and regulatory restrictions or bans on synthetic food colors) that could impact consumer demand for products that contain our products. Therefore, we depend upon our customers’ ability to create markets for the consumer products that incorporate the products that we manufacture. Therefore, we depend upon our customers’ ability to create markets for the consumer products that incorporate the products that we manufacture. In addition, if we cannot adequately anticipate and respond to the needs of our customers as they evolve in response to changing consumer preferences, new technologies (including advancements such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, which may become critical in understanding consumer preferences in the future), and price demands, our results could be adversely affected. Additionally, the market pressures on our customers may adversely affect the willingness of these customers to launch new products, to introduce limited time offerings, and to grow or continue to produce existing product lines. Additionally, the market pressures on our customers may adversely affect the willingness of these customers to launch new products, to introduce limited time offerings, and to grow or continue to produce existing product lines. Furthermore, the Food and Drug Administration banned the use of Red 3 in food and beverages (effective in 2027), West Virginia banned the use of specified synthetic food colorants (effective January 1, 2028 but currently subject to a preliminary injunction), and numerous states banned the use of synthetic food colorants in school lunches. Several other states also have various legislative proposals to ban or restrict the use of synthetic colors. In addition, the Trump administration has expressed an interest in re-examining the use of synthetic food colorants. While we have a broad portfolio of natural color and applications capabilities that enable us to offer alternatives and replacements for synthetic colors to customers, it is possible that such laws could reduce our revenue if our customers find alternative suppliers or remove color from their products. In addition, uncertainties caused by enjoining, pausing, or otherwise modifying any such bans, such as the current preliminary injunction of the West Virginia ban on specified synthetic food colorants, may change the strategies and outlook of our customers and, therefore, potentially our product mix, which could adversely impact our revenues and profitability. Certain states also have pending legislative action restricting ultra-processed foods, which, depending on how defined, may include some of our products or the products of our customers. The Trump administration also indicated it would explore potential rulemaking associated with the GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) program. Restrictions on ultra-processed foods and the GRAS program are likely to limit the products that we or our customers are able to sell and, therefore, may have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

Our success depends in part on our ability to maintain an efficient cost structure. We regularly initiate cost-reduction measures that could impact our manufacturing, sales, operations, and information systems functions. If we do not continue to manage costs and achieve additional efficiencies, or we do not successfully implement related strategies, our competitiveness and our profits could decrease. As discussed above, the price pressures in our markets make such cost reduction efforts particularly important. For example, the Company has substantially completed all actions contemplated under a Portfolio Optimization Plan to optimize certain production facilities, centralize and eliminate certain production and selling and administrative positions, and improve efficiencies globally within the Company. However, our ability to realize long-term anticipated cost savings in connection with the Portfolio Optimization Plan may be affected by a number of factors, including our ability to effectively rationalize manufacturing capacity and overhead, as well as our ability to effectively produce products at the consolidated facilities. Furthermore, our cost reduction efforts may not be as effective as we had anticipated, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

We generally rely on third party suppliers for various raw materials that we use to make our products. We use many different chemical products, natural products, and other commodities as raw material ingredients. We use many different chemical products, natural products, and other commodities as raw material ingredients. We also use raw materials whose production is energy intensive and dependent on successful farming techniques and favorable climatic and environmental conditions. We also use raw materials whose production is energy intensive and dependent on successful farming techniques and favorable climatic and environmental conditions. As the demand for natural products continues to grow, and our business continues to evolve to meet such demand, the risks associated with agriculture, such as reduced crop yields, reduced crop availability, water shortages, increased water costs, reduced access to water, droughts, and other potentially more severe weather events, are becoming increasingly important. As the demand for natural products continues to grow, the risks associated with agriculture, such as reduced crop yields, reduced crop availability, water shortages, increased water costs, reduced access to water, droughts, and other potentially more severe weather events, are becoming increasingly important. In addition, we obtain some raw materials from a single supplier or a limited number of suppliers. Disruptions or other issues with those suppliers could affect the availability of those materials. Even if there are multiple suppliers of a particular raw material, there are occasionally shortages. Constrictions in supply of raw materials can lead to increased costs. We may not be able to pass these costs to customers for a variety of reasons, including the fact that some of our competitors may not be subject to such increased costs. Additionally, government regulatory action against any of our suppliers or particular raw materials could also cause a supply disruption. Additionally, government regulatory action against any of our suppliers could also cause a supply disruption. We have, in the past, dealt with regulators shutting down and excluding from the market suppliers that provided the Company with raw materials. For example, in the recent past, the Chinese government has shut down a chemical park for pollution mitigation. This adversely impacted the supply of raw materials for the affected products and, therefore, impacted our ability to produce products containing these raw materials. This adversely impacted the supply of raw materials for the affected products and, therefore, impacted our ability to produce products containing these raw materials, which adversely impacted our ability to provide these products at traditional quantities and competitive prices. Additionally, in recent years, our yields from harvests for onion have been adversely impacted by drought, plant diseases, excessive rain, and flooding, resulting in reduced availability of onion products for our Agricultural Ingredients business over the last several years. In 2025, for example, heavy rains and flooding delayed our ability to harvest certain fields on schedule and did result in a loss of crop in certain planting areas. While we can increase the amount of onion planted in future periods, there is no certainty that we will achieve greater yields or, if we do increase our yields, that there will be a market for such products. If the larger size or greater buying power of those customers results in additional negotiating strength, the prices we are able to charge could be negatively affected and our profitability could decline. Any future unavailability or shortage of a raw material, however caused, could negatively affect our operations using that raw material and thus adversely affect our results.

Efficient inventory management is essential to our performance. We must maintain appropriate inventory levels and product mix to meet customer demand, without incurring costs related to storing and holding excess inventory. If our inventory management decisions do not accurately predict demand or otherwise result in excess inventory, as has happened in the past, our financial results may be adversely impacted by markdowns, impairment charges, or other costs related to disposal of excess or obsolete inventory. If our inventory management decisions do not accurately predict demand or otherwise result in excess inventory, as has happened in the past, our financial results may be adversely impacted by markdowns, impairment charges, or other costs related to disposal of excess or obsolete inventory. For example, the shelf-life for natural products is generally shorter than synthetic products, so if the demand for natural products slows, it becomes more likely that any excess inventory could need to be written off or subject to markdowns and would have an adverse impact on our revenue and profitability. Additionally, if we do not maintain enough inventory to satisfy the demand of our customers, we may lose business to our competitors, which could adversely affect our results. Conversely, our financial performance in 2023 was adversely impacted by customer destocking that resulted from our customers holding large quantities of inventory during the COVID-19 pandemic and then returning to normalized levels. Any future inability to manage our inventory, however caused, could negatively affect our operations and thus adversely affect our results.

We have experienced challenges as a result of ongoing domestic and global supply chain issues, particularly with respect to raw materials, logistics, and labor. In addition, we have experienced inflationary increases in the costs of raw materials, energy, transportation, and labor. Although we attempt to manage these challenges through pricing and other actions, we may not be able to increase our product prices enough to offset these increased costs. Although we attempt to manage these challenges through pricing and other actions, we may not be able to increase our product prices enough to offset these increased costs. Increasing our prices also may reduce sales volume and related profitability and cause us to lose customers. Increasing our prices also may reduce sales volume and related profitability and cause us to lose customers. If inflationary conditions persist, accelerate, or expand, it will become more difficult to manage these challenges without adverse impacts to our revenues and profitability. If inflationary conditions persist, accelerate, or expand, it will become more difficult to manage these challenges without adverse impacts to our revenues and profitability.

We use various energy sources in our production and distribution processes. Commodity and energy prices are subject to significant volatility caused by market fluctuations, supply and demand, currency fluctuation, production and transportation disruption, disruptive world events (such as the Russia-Ukraine and Middle Eastern conflicts discussed above and related disruptions in the Red Sea and Arabian Sea), and changes in governmental regulations, particularly related to carbon reduction. Commodity and energy prices are subject to significant volatility caused by market fluctuations, supply and demand, currency fluctuation, production and transportation disruption, disruptive world events, and changes in governmental regulations. Commodity, transportation, and energy price increases will raise both our raw material costs and operating costs. Additionally, as many areas move away from using carbon-based sources of energy, we would initially anticipate increases in the cost of energy generated from renewable energy sources as well as potential reliability and continuity issues related to electrical power generation, distribution, and supply. Additionally, as many areas move away from using carbon-based sources of energy, we would initially anticipate increases in the cost of energy generated from renewable energy sources. While the long-term environmental impact of these moves is favorable, the shorter and medium-term impact in increased energy prices could adversely affect our profitability. While the long-term environment impact of these moves is favorable, the shorter-term impact in increased energy prices could adversely affect our profitability.

As mentioned above, our customers are under intense pressure in their markets from competitors and their end customers and as a result of changing consumer preferences. Historically, these combined pressures have resulted in some of the Company’s customers entering bankruptcy or receivership. There is risk that other customers of the Company could enter bankruptcy or receivership in the near-term as several smaller customers did in recent years. There is risk that other customers of the Company could enter bankruptcy or receivership in the near-term. Once in bankruptcy or receivership, these customers are restricted from paying certain outstanding invoices to the Company until later in the bankruptcy process and even when able to pay, may not be able to pay the full amounts owed. Additionally, certain payments made to us prior to a customer declaring for bankruptcy may be, and have been, subject to clawback during the bankruptcy or receivership process. Financially distressed customers may change or reduce ordering patterns, reduce willingness to accept price increases, discontinue or reduce existing product offerings, and introduce fewer new products. Those developments could adversely affect our results.

In addition, if any of our suppliers become financially insolvent and fail to perform their obligations under arrangements with us, we may be forced to replace the underlying commitment at current or above market prices or on other terms that are less favorable to us with little recourse against such supplier. In such events, we may incur losses, or our results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity could otherwise be adversely affected.

We report the results of our foreign operations in the applicable local currency and then translate those results into U.S. dollars at applicable exchange rates. We are therefore subject to non-U.S. currency risks and non-U.S. exchange exposure. The applicable exchange rates between and among foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar have fluctuated and will continue to do so in the future. These fluctuations have impacted our results of operations in recent periods as discussed below in more detail under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. These fluctuations have impacted our results of operations in recent periods as discussed below in more detail under the headings “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. ” Such currency exchange rate volatility may also adversely impact our financial condition or liquidity. While we may use forward exchange contracts and foreign currency denominated debt to manage our exposure to foreign exchange risk, such risk management strategies do not insulate us completely from those exposures and may not be effective, and our results of operations could be adversely affected. While we may use forward exchange contracts and foreign currency denominated debt to manage our exposure to foreign exchange risk, such risk management strategies may not be effective and our results of operations could be adversely affected. Exchange rates can be volatile and a substantial weakening of foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar could reduce our profit margin in certain of our businesses outside of the U.S. and adversely impact the comparability of results from period to period.

We operate, manufacture, and sell our products and obtain raw materials in many foreign countries and emerging markets. This subjects us to risks that could materially impact our operating results, including: difficulties in staffing and managing foreign personnel in diverse cultures; transportation and other supply chain delays or interruptions; sometimes unpredictable regulatory changes; physical security risks, including the potential for violence, civil and labor unrest, and possible terrorist attacks; difficulties in enforcing rights, collecting revenues, and protecting assets in foreign jurisdictions; and the effects of international political developments and political and economic instability. For example, we have a flavors manufacturing facility in Celaya, Mexico; this city continues to experience increased levels of political and criminal violence by narcotics trafficking cartels. While the instability in Mexico has not yet materially adversely impacted our business there, it could do so in the future, and our results of operations could be adversely affected.

In addition, changes in policies by the United States or foreign governments could negatively affect our operating results due to changes in duties, tariffs, trade regulations and sanctions, employment regulations, taxes, or limitations on currency or fund transfers. For example, changes in the trade relationship between the U.S. and China has affected, including the UFLPA sanctions (which prohibits importation of products from the Xinjiang region), and may continue to adversely impact, the availability and cost of our raw materials and products originating in China, the demand for, as well as the supply of, our products manufactured in China or containing raw materials from China, and the demand from Chinese customers for our products.

These kinds of restrictions could be adopted with little to no advanced notice, and we may not be able to effectively mitigate the adverse impacts from such measures. Any of these events could increase the cost of our products, create disruptions to our supply chain, and impair our ability to effectively operate and compete in the countries where we do business.

Stakeholder and regulatory focus on ESG matters require us to continuously monitor various developing standards and reporting requirements and make continuous progress in our efforts to reduce our, as well as our suppliers’, energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, water usage, and waste generation. Implementing such monitoring, reporting, and improved sustainability could be costly. Even where we make progress, our ESG practices still may not meet the standards of all of our stakeholders. For example, many of our large, global customers have committed to long-term targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions within their supply chains. For example, many of our large, global customers are committing to long-term targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions within their supply chains. If we are unable to achieve these reductions, or make similar commitments, our customers may seek out alternative suppliers who are better able to support such reductions. If we are unable to achieve these reductions, our customers may seek out alternative suppliers who are better able to support such reductions. Certain of our customers have also indicated that they will require that their suppliers meet a certain score or grade on one or more sustainability platforms. If we are unable to meet such criteria, we may be unable to win new business or lose existing business with those customers. We are also experiencing certain of our customers requesting that we undertake specific sustainability initiatives, some of which may impose significant costs on the Company. If we fail to undertake such initiatives, we may lose business with those customers or, if we do undertake such initiatives and are unable to pass on the additional costs, our profitability could be adversely impacted. In addition, some of our customers and other stakeholders are requiring us to provide information on our plans relating to certain ESG matters, such as greenhouse gas emissions (including product carbon footprints for particular products we supply). If we are unable to respond, or we are perceived to be responding inadequately, to the expectations of our stakeholders, our business and reputation could be harmed, our profit and revenue could decline, and it could have a negative impact on the trading price of our common stock.

In addition, we are also likely to incur additional third-party service provider costs, including sustainability platform fees, audit costs, and other service fees from sustainability professionals in order to remain compliant with newly enacted regulations, laws, and demands, including international laws such as the European Union Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive and state laws such as the California climate laws. If we are unable to pass on these costs, our profit could decline. If we are unable to pass on these costs, our profit could decline. If we fail to keep up with changing regulations and preferences, or if we fail to innovate or operate in ways that maximize sustainability, our customers may choose more sustainable suppliers. If we fail to keep up with changing regulations and preferences, or if we fail to innovate or operate in ways that maximize sustainability, our customers may choose more sustainable suppliers. Failing to quickly and cost-efficiently adapt to stakeholder ESG expectations and standards could adversely affect our business and financial condition. Failing to quickly and cost-efficiently adapt to stakeholder ESG expectations and standards could adversely affect our business and financial condition. Additionally, consumers who buy food and personal care products from our customers may be unwilling to pay the higher prices that could result from the increased costs of products as a result of the increased costs engendered by these sustainability efforts, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. Additionally, consumers who buy food and personal care products from our customers may be unwilling to pay the higher prices that could result from the increased costs of products as a result of these sustainability efforts, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Increasingly, different stakeholder groups have divergent views on sustainability matters (including certain “anti-ESG” sentiment), which increases the risk that any action or lack thereof with respect to sustainability matters will be perceived negatively by at least some stakeholders and adversely impact our reputation and business. If we do not successfully manage sustainability-related expectations across all of our stakeholders, and in compliance with potentially conflicting and rapidly evolving regulations, it could adversely impact our reputation and our business.

World events can adversely affect national, international, and local economies. Economies can also be affected by conflicts, natural disasters, changes in climate, severe weather (including droughts and flooding), epidemics, pandemics, or other catastrophic events. Economies can also be affected by conflicts, natural disasters, changes in climate, severe weather (including droughts and flooding), epidemics, pandemics (including the coronavirus, as discussed in more detail above), or other catastrophic events. Such events and conditions, as well as uncertainty in or impairment of financial markets, have adversely affected and could continue to affect our revenues and profitability, particularly if they occur in locations in which we or our customers have significant operations. Such events and conditions, as well as uncertainty in or impairment of financial markets, have adversely affected and could continue to affect our revenues and profitability, particularly if they occur in locations in which we or our customers have significant operations. Our natural colors, flavors, extracts, and essential oils businesses are dependent on favorable climatic conditions and the non-occurrence of natural disasters. Our natural colors, flavors, extracts, and essential oils businesses are dependent on favorable climatic conditions and the non-occurrence of natural disasters. Adverse weather events could impact our or our growers’ ability to plant, grow, and harvest crops, and such events could also increase the presence of disease and pests on such crops, which may negatively affect our ability to supply certain products. For example, our Agricultural Ingredients business has significant operations in California, which has been recently dealing with flooding and plant disease issues, which such issues had negatively impacted certain of our yields from onion harvests in prior years, as discussed above. In the event that there is an insufficient supply of water for our operations or the operations of the growers that we contract with, our Agricultural Ingredients business may be materially impacted and could have an adverse effect on our results in future periods. In the event that there is an insufficient supply of water for our operations or the operations of the growers that we contract with, our Natural Ingredients business may be materially impacted and could have an adverse effect on our results. While we make efforts to diversify where we grow products, these efforts may be insufficient to mitigate all adverse effects. In addition, while we have manufacturing facilities throughout the world, certain of our facilities are the sole manufacturer of a specific product, and a disruption in manufacturing could lead to increased costs of relocating or replacing the production of a product, or reformulating a product, which could have an adverse effect on our results. In addition, while we have manufacturing facilities throughout the world, certain of our facilities are the sole manufacturer of a specific product and a disruption in manufacturing could lead to increased costs of relocating or replacing the production of a product, or reformulating a product, which could have an adverse effect on our results.

Litigation and Regulatory Risks

We sell flavors, colors, and other specialty ingredients that are used in foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, personal care, nutraceuticals, and other items for human consumption or contact. These products involve risks such as contamination or spoilage, tampering, defects, and other adulteration. If the consumption or use of our products causes product damage, injury, illness, or death, we may be subject to liability, including class action lawsuits and other civil and governmental litigation. We are also subject to product liability claims involving products containing diacetyl and related chemicals as well as cosmetic ingredients that may have utilized talc in the past. We are also subject to product liability claims involving products containing diacetyl and related chemicals. From time to time, we or our customers have withdrawn or recalled products in the event of contamination, product defects, or perceived quality problems. If our customers withdraw or recall products related to ingredients that we provide to them, as has occurred in the past, they may make claims against us.

Although we vigorously defend against claims when they are made, there can be no assurance that any claims or recalls will not be material. While we maintain liability insurance against these risks, coverage may be unavailable or incomplete. A significant product defect, product recall, or product liability judgment can negatively impact our profitability for a period of time depending on the insurance coverage, costs, adverse publicity, product availability, scope, competitive reaction, and consumer attitudes. Even if a product liability claim is unsuccessful or is not fully pursued, the cost of defense and the negative publicity surrounding any assertion that our products caused illness, injury, or death or any recall involving our products could adversely affect our reputation with existing and potential customers and our corporate image and thereby adversely impact our profitability.

Our facilities and products are subject to many laws and regulations relating to the environment, health, safety, and the content, processing, packaging, storage, distribution, quality, and safety of food, drugs, personal care, other consumer products, and industrial colors. These laws and regulations are administered in the United States by the Department of Agriculture, the Food and Drug Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Labor, and other federal and state governmental agencies. In addition, individual states may also enact regulations prohibiting or limiting the manufacturing and/or sale of goods containing certain of our products (such as the FDA ban on Red 3, various states’ prohibitions on the use of synthetic food colors in school lunches, and West Virginia’s preliminarily enjoined ban on specified synthetic food colors), which could cause a decrease in our sales of such products and negatively impact our results of operations.

We, our suppliers, and our customers are subject to similar governmental regulation and oversight abroad. Compliance with these laws and regulations can be complex and costly and affect our, our suppliers’, and our customers’ operations. Compliance with these laws and regulations can be complex and costly and affect our, our suppliers’, and our customers’ operations. Also, if we, our suppliers, or our customers fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we could be subject to administrative penalties and injunctive relief, civil and criminal remedies, fines, recalls of products, and private civil lawsuits. Regulatory action against a supplier or customer can create risk for us and negatively affect our operations. As discussed above, actions by regulatory agencies against us and our suppliers can also adversely impact the availability of raw materials. As discussed above, actions by regulatory agencies against us and our suppliers can also adversely impact the availability of raw materials. Whenever raw materials become more costly or unavailable due to legal, regulatory, or other governmental actions, our profitability could be adversely impacted.

Our operations are subject to extensive and stringent laws and regulations that pertain to the discharge of materials into the environment, handling of materials, and disposition of wastes and air emissions. These rules operate or will operate at both the federal and state levels in the United States, and there are analogous laws at most of our overseas locations. These rules operate or will operate at both the federal and state levels in the United States, and there are analogous laws at most of our overseas locations. Environmental regulations, and the potential failure to comply with them, can have serious consequences, including the costs of compliance and defense; interference with our operations or the ability to obtain required permits; civil, criminal, and administrative penalties; and negative publicity. Additionally, the ability of our suppliers to comply with environmental regulations may cause adverse effects on us by reducing or eliminating the availability of necessary raw materials or increasing the cost of raw materials. These factors might adversely impact our ability to make certain products as well as our profitability on the products that can be made.

Our business is subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the United Kingdom Bribery Act, and similar anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws and regulations in other countries where we operate. While we maintain robust policies to prevent violations of these laws and to monitor third party risks, investigating and resolving actual or alleged violations of anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws is expensive and could negatively impact our results of operations or financial condition. Under these laws, companies may be held liable for the corrupt actions taken by their directors, officers, employees, agents, or other representatives. We could be subject to substantial civil and/or criminal fines and penalties if we or any of our representatives fail to comply with these laws, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and reputation.

We are subject to taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Our future effective tax rates could be affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates; changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities; changes in liabilities for uncertain tax positions; the costs of repatriations; or changes in tax laws or their interpretation. Any of these changes could negatively impact our results. In addition, certain countries have levied excise taxes in connection with products that include our ingredients, which may lower consumer demand and ultimately decrease our sales and profitability.

We are also subject to the routine examination of our income tax returns by tax authorities in those countries in which we operate, and we may be subject to assessments or audits in the future in any of these countries. The results of such assessments or audits, if adverse to us, could negatively impact our results. The results of such assessments or audits, if adverse to us, could negatively impact our results.

We have transfer pricing policies that are a significant component of the management and compliance of our operations across international boundaries and overall financial results. Many countries routinely examine transfer pricing policies of taxpayers subject to their jurisdiction, challenge transfer pricing policies aggressively where there is potential non-compliance and impose significant interest charges and penalties where non-compliance is determined. However, governmental authorities could challenge these policies more aggressively in the future and, if challenged, we may not prevail. We could suffer significant costs related to one or more challenges to our transfer pricing policies.

Structural and Organizational Risks

Our success depends in large part on the continued service and availability of our key management and technical personnel, and on our ability to attract and retain qualified new personnel. The competition for these individuals can be significant and if we are unable to successfully integrate, motivate, and reward our employees, we may not be able to retain them. If inflationary conditions persist, accelerate, or expand, it will become more difficult to manage these challenges without adverse impacts to our revenues and profitability. The loss of key employees or inability to attract new employees in the future could harm our business. In addition, we need to provide for smooth transitions when replacing key management and technical personnel positions. Our operations and results may be negatively affected if we are not able to do so. Our operations and results may be negatively affected if we are not able to do so.

Additionally, many of our key personnel must have access to the Company’s trade secrets to effectively perform their job responsibilities. Although we seek to impose confidentiality, non-solicitation, loyalty, and non-competition obligations on many employees through agreements and our Code of Conduct, these efforts may not be successful. Furthermore, litigation to enforce departing employees’ legal obligations may not be, and has not always been, successful as the legal systems in many jurisdictions disfavor or prohibit restrictions on an employee’s right to change jobs as well as on preemptive measures to prevent the disclosure of a company’s trade secrets and intellectual property before it occurs. Furthermore, litigation to enforce departing employees’ legal obligations may not be, and has not always been, successful as the legal systems in many jurisdictions disfavor restrictions on an employee’s right to change jobs as well as on preemptive measures to prevent the disclosure of a company’s trade secrets and intellectual property before it occurs. It may become more difficult to obtain and enforce non-competition agreements in the future, as there are various state efforts ongoing in the U.S. that would prohibit or limit them. As a result, there is a possibility that certain competitors could attempt to exploit the Company’s trade secrets and confidential information to the Company’s competitive detriment, which could adversely impact our profitability. As a result, there is a possibility that certain competitors could attempt to exploit the Company’s trade secrets and confidential information to the Company’s competitive detriment, which could adversely impact our profitability. Additionally, proving the theft of trade secrets in the food ingredient industry is exceedingly difficult.

Our business strategy includes acquiring businesses, making investments that complement our existing businesses, and, based on an evaluation of our business portfolio, divesting existing businesses. We have acquired many companies and operations in the past and may continue to grow by acquisition in the future. We have acquired many companies and operations in the past and may continue growth by acquisition in the future. We continue to analyze and evaluate acquisition opportunities with the potential to strengthen our industry position or enhance our existing product offerings. We may not be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates or have sufficient financing and/or cash available to successfully complete acquisitions in the future. We may not be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates or have sufficient financing and/or cash available to successfully complete acquisitions in the future. Our future growth through acquisitions could involve significant risks that may have a material adverse effect on us. Our future growth through acquisitions could involve significant risks that may have a material adverse effect on us.

In addition, strategic transactions may present operational, financial, and managerial challenges, including diversion of management attention from existing businesses, difficulty with integrating or separating personnel and financial and other systems, increased expenses and raw material costs, assumption of unknown liabilities and indemnities that may not be discovered before an acquisition or fully reflected in the price we pay, and potential disputes with the buyers or sellers. If we are unable to consummate such transactions or successfully integrate and grow acquisitions and achieve contemplated revenue synergies and cost savings, our financial results could be adversely affected. For example, we acquired an extraction company named Mazza in 2018. Because Mazza’s extraction process proved to not be economically viable, we elected to close the former Mazza plant in 2024 as part of our Portfolio Optimization Plan, while retaining the intellectual property for future use in the event it does become economically viable. Divestitures have inherent risks, including potential post-closing liabilities and claims for indemnification, that may impact our ability to fully realize the anticipated benefits of a given divestiture. Divestitures have inherent risks, including potential post-closing liabilities and claims for indemnification, that may impact our ability to fully realize the anticipated benefits of a given divestiture. If any additional post-closing risks materialize, the benefits of such divestitures may not be fully realized, if at all, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be negatively impacted. If any additional post-closing risks materialize, the benefits of such divestitures may not be fully realized, if at all, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be negatively impacted.

We may also need to finance future acquisitions, and the terms of any financing, and the need to ultimately repay or refinance any indebtedness, may have negative effects on us. Acquisitions also could have a dilutive effect on our financial results. Acquisitions also could have a dilutive effect on our financial results. Acquisitions also generally result in goodwill, which would need to be written off against earnings in the future if it becomes impaired. Acquisitions and investments may involve significant cash expenditures, debt incurrences, equity issuances, operating losses, and expenses.

Technology and Cybersecurity Risks

We protect our intellectual property rights as trade secrets, through patents, under confidentiality agreements, and through internal and external physical and cyber-security policies and systems. We could incur significant costs in asserting our intellectual property rights or defending ourselves from third party intellectual property claims. We could incur significant costs in asserting our intellectual property rights or defending ourselves from third party intellectual property claims. The laws of some of the countries in which we operate do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Our failure to obtain or adequately protect our intellectual property rights (including in response to developments in artificial intelligence technologies), or any change in law or other changes that serve to lessen or remove the current legal protections of our intellectual property, may diminish our competitiveness and could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, if other parties were to infringe on our intellectual property rights, or if a third party successfully asserted that we infringed their intellectual property rights, it could have an adverse impact on our business. If other parties were to infringe on our intellectual property rights, or if a third party successfully asserted that we had infringed on their intellectual property rights, it could have an adverse impact on our business.

Our success depends in part on our ability to maintain current information technology platforms, including some managed by third-party providers, for our businesses to operate effectively, reliably, and securely. We routinely review and upgrade our information technology and cybersecurity systems in order to better manage, report, and protect the information related to our formulas, research and development, manufacturing processes, trade secrets, sales, products, customers, personnel, and other operations. If we do not continue to maintain our information technology and cybersecurity platforms and successfully implement upgrades to systems to protect our vital information as well as our facilities and IT systems, our competitiveness and profits could decrease. In addition, as artificial intelligence capabilities and other new and evolving technologies improve and gain widespread use, the cybersecurity threats we face and incidents we experience from time to time may become even more challenging to prevent, detect, and mitigate to the extent they increasingly use artificial intelligence or other new and evolving technologies. These attacks could be designed to directly attack information systems with increased speed and/or efficiency or create more effective phishing techniques. It is also possible for a threat to be introduced as a result of our customers and third-party providers using the output of an artificial intelligence tool or other new and evolving technologies that unwittingly incorporate a threat, such as introducing malicious code by incorporating artificial intelligence-generated source code. There can be no assurance that our experience to date with respect to facility operations, customer demand, the availability and cost of supplies and transportation, and other factors impacting our results and financial condition will be predictive of the ongoing impacts in the short or long term.

Because of the nature of our business, and the importance of our proprietary information and manufacturing facilities, we face threats and experience cybersecurity incidents and attempts from time to time, not only from hackers that are intent on theft and disruption, but also from malicious insiders that may attempt to steal Company information or negligent employees. Furthermore, our and our third-party providers’ information technology systems are susceptible to failures, disruptions, breaches, ransomware, theft, employee carelessness in the face of social engineering and phishing threats and attacks, and other similar cybersecurity events. Furthermore, our information technology systems may be susceptible to failures, disruptions, breaches, ransomware, theft, employee carelessness in the face of social engineering threats, and other similar cybersecurity events. We and third parties we utilize as vendors to support our business and operations have experienced such attacks in the past and while there has been no material impact on our business to date, any such attacks in the future could have an adverse impact on our business. The impact of any such event and the effectiveness of our response thereto may adversely affect our operations and subject us to lost business opportunities, increased operating costs, regulatory consequences, and reputational harm. The impact of any such event and the effectiveness of our response thereto may adversely affect our operations and subject us to lost business opportunities, increased operating costs, regulatory consequences, and reputational harm. While we take substantial steps to protect our information and systems through cyber security systems, monitoring, auditing, and training, these efforts are not always successful. While we take substantial steps to protect our information and systems through cyber security systems, monitoring, auditing, and training, these efforts may not always be successful. And, while we maintain liability insurance against these risks, coverage may be unavailable or incomplete. And, while we maintain liability insurance against these risks, coverage may be unavailable or incomplete.

In addition, the Company is subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the United States and other jurisdictions regarding privacy, cybersecurity, data protection, and data security, including those related to the collection, storage, handling, use, disclosure, transfer, and security of personal data. Compliance with and interpretation of various data privacy and cybersecurity regulations continue to evolve, and any violation could subject the Company to legal claims, regulatory penalties, and damage to its reputation. Our failure to comply with these evolving regulations, whether as a result of a cyber-attack or otherwise, could expose us to fines, sanctions, penalties, and other costs that could harm our reputation and adversely impact our financial results.

None.