Risk Factors Dashboard
Once a year, publicly traded companies issue a comprehensive report of their business, called a 10-K. A component mandated in the 10-K is the ‘Risk Factors’ section, where companies disclose any major potential risks that they may face. This dashboard highlights all major changes and additions in new 10K reports, allowing investors to quickly identify new potential risks and opportunities.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors.”
Cybersecurity is an integral part of the Company's Enterprise Risk Management ("ERM"). In order to manage technology risk and secure technology ecosystems, our information security framework is based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST") principles, which we execute through our adherence to the Center for Internet Security ("CIS18") control framework . The
Cybersecurity and data privacy risks related to our information technology resources are a key component of our Board's risk oversight. The Audit Committee assists the Board in evaluating our cybersecurity and data privacy risks and overseeing our efforts to mitigate these risks. Our Audit Committee is also responsible for reviewing and analyzing significant financial and operational risks and how management is managing and mitigating such risks through its internal controls and financial risk management processes and is regularly engaged in discussions with management regarding business risks, operational risks, transactional risks, cybersecurity, enterprise-level and financial risks. Our Chief Information Officer ("CIO") provides a formal update to our Audit Committee at least twice per year, reviewing cybersecurity risks, trends, plans for future actions and measurements against recognized external cybersecurity frameworks and benchmarks and our Vice President of Internal Audit/Compliance conducts an annual ERM survey, which includes cybersecurity risk, and provides the findings to the Board.
We condition our obligation to acquire property on, among other things, an environmental review of the land. To date, we have not incurred material unanticipated liabilities relating to the removal or remediation of toxic wastes or other environmental conditions. However, there is no assurance that we will not incur material liabilities in the future relating to toxic waste removal or other environmental conditions affecting land currently or previously owned.
Some of our homebuyers elect to purchase their homes with mortgages that are insured or guaranteed by certain government entities. In order for our homebuyers to finance their home purchases with Federal Housing Administration ("FHA")-insured, Veterans Administration ("VA")-guaranteed or United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA")-guaranteed mortgages, we are required to build such homes in accordance with the regulatory requirements of those agencies.
Some states have statutory disclosure requirements governing the marketing and sale of new homes. These requirements vary widely from state to state.
Some states require us to be registered as a licensed contractor, a licensed real estate broker and in some markets our sales agents are required to be registered as licensed real estate agents.
Human Capital
Human capital is central to our success. At December 31, 2025, we had 1,860 full-time employees, including 374 in management and administration, 74 in our title and insurance companies, 534 in sales and marketing, and 878 in construction and warranty operations. We are committed to cultivating a diverse team, fostering an inclusive culture and creating a workplace environment where every individual is treated with respect, valued for their unique perspectives and experiences, and feels a true sense of belonging. Our robust talent recognition and succession planning model is designed to identify and develop employees and provide a roadmap for advancement so that they grow their careers while contributing to our organizational goals. Developing our people enhances each individual’s opportunity and the overall employee experience at Meritage. We aim to attract, motivate, and retain talent by offering competitive and comprehensive compensation and benefits that include health insurance with health savings accounts and company match, 401(k) retirement plan with a competitive company match, paid time off, paid parental benefits, women's health and fertility support benefits, mental well-being support and resources, employee assistance program, caregiving benefits, employee discounts, tuition reimbursement, and a wellness program, among many others. Of our entire employee population at December 31, 2025, 42% were female and 58% were minorities. We are proud of our diverse team and remain dedicated to the intentional work required to achieve inclusive excellence, including building strategic relationships and attracting diverse talent. Based upon employee feedback we have three voluntary, employee led groups to empower and promote belonging for all employees while creating community and connection. We are committed to continuous learning and improvement, challenging our leaders and employees to recognize and leverage our differences for the greater benefit of our teams and the organization. We promote an open-door policy where individuals are encouraged to voice concerns which are promptly addressed. We remain deeply invested in our inclusion and belonging efforts which we strongly believe amplifies our core values, enhances our culture, drives positive change throughout
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our organization, as well as strengthens our business, enhances our relationships with our customers, and promotes competitiveness in the homebuilding sector.
Our operations are carried out through both local and centralized management. Our corporate management team sets our strategy and leads decisions related to land acquisition, risk management, finance, cash management, capital allocation, information systems and people management. Local operations are made up of our division employees, led by division management with significant homebuilding experience and who possess a great depth of knowledge in their particular markets. Our employees are not unionized. During 2025 we were certified as a Great Place to Work® for the third year in a row and were named as Fortune’s Best Workplaces for Construction and Women. We act solely as a general contractor, and all construction operations are coordinated by our area managers and field construction managers who schedule and monitor third-party independent subcontractors. We may use independent consultants and contractors for certain architectural, engineering, advertising, technology and legal services, and we strive to maintain good relationships with our subcontractors and independent consultants and contractors.
In late 2025, the Company approved and committed to a plan to reduce its workforce as part of a broader cost-reduction initiative, and fully executed its efforts in early 2026. In connection with this action, the Company recorded costs of $8.4 million in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025, which primarily consists of employee severance and related benefits.
Seasonality
Historically, we have experienced seasonal variations in our quarterly operating results and capital requirements. We typically take orders for more homes in the first half of the year than in the second half, which has created additional working capital requirements in the first and second quarters to build our inventories to satisfy seasonally higher demand associated with our 60-day closing ready commitment homes. Traditionally, we have attempted to pass cost increases on to our customers through higher sales prices and inflation has not historically had a material adverse effect on our business, although in recent months we have absorbed higher material and labor costs which negatively impacted our profitability. While we expect the seasonal orders pattern to continue over the long term, a higher backlog conversion rate and our all-spec strategy may shift the timing of home closings and capital requirements to build our inventories to earlier in the year. These instruments provide assurance to the beneficiaries that the development will be completed, or that in case we do not perform, that funds from these instruments are available for the municipality or governmental agency to arrange for completion of such work. Additionally, seasonality may, from time to time, be affected by short-term volatility in the homebuilding industry and in the overall economy.
Information about our Executive Officers
The names, ages, positions and business experience of our executive officers as of the date of this report are listed below (all ages are as of December 31, 2025):
Steven J. Hilton co-founded Monterey Homes in 1985, which merged with Homeplex Mortgage Investments in December 1996 and later became known as Meritage Homes. Mr. Hilton served as Co-Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer from July 1997 to May 2006, served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer from May 2006 to December 31, 2020, and became the Executive Chairman effective January 1, 2021.
Phillippe Lord was appointed Chief Executive Officer on January 1, 2021. Prior to his appointment as Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Lord was Chief Operating Officer, Executive Vice President from April 2015 to December 2020, Western Region President from 2012 through March 2015 and Vice President of Strategic Operations from 2008 through 2012.
Hilla Sferruzza was appointed Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President in April 2016. Prior to her appointment as Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President, Ms. Sferruzza was our Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller from 2010 to 2016, and worked in other management roles at the Company since 2006.
Malissia Clinton joined Meritage in April 2022 as General Counsel, Executive Vice President and Secretary. Prior to joining Meritage, Ms. Clinton was employed by The Aerospace Corporation from July 2009 through April 2022, where she served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary.
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Javier Feliciano joined Meritage in November 2015 as Chief Human Resources Officer (now "Chief People Officer"), Executive Vice President.
Austin Woffinden became Executive Vice President, Corporate Operations and Strategy, effective January 1, 2026. Mr. Woffinden began his career at Meritage as a Vice President Regional Counsel in 2007 and held various operational leadership positions since, including Area President of Dallas Fort Worth and Nashville (2025) and Division President of Dallas Fort Worth (2018 - 2025).
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
The risk factors discussed below are factors that we believe could significantly impact our business, if they occur. These factors could cause results to differ materially from our historical results or our future expectations.
Risks Related to the Homebuilding Industry and Economy
Increases in interest rates or decreases in mortgage availability may make purchasing a home more difficult or less desirable and may negatively impact the ability to sell new and existing homes.
In general, housing demand is adversely affected by increases in interest rates and a lack of availability of mortgage financing. Most of our buyers finance their home purchases through our mortgage joint venture or third party lenders providing mortgage financing. If mortgage interest rates increase and, consequently, the ability of prospective buyers to finance home purchases is adversely affected, our home sales and cash flow may be adversely affected and the impact may be material. Additionally, rapid increases in interest rates may negatively impact affordability of a home purchase for existing buyers in backlog if they have not yet locked in the interest rate for their loan. This could lead to an increase in the number of contract cancellations in our reported sales order numbers. These risks can also indirectly impact us to the extent our customers need to sell their existing homes to purchase a new home from us if the potential buyer of their home is unable to obtain mortgage financing.The above risks can also indirectly impact us to the extent our customers need to sell their existing homes to purchase a new home from us if the potential buyer of their home is unable to obtain mortgage financing. It may also impact the desire for existing homeowners to sell their homes as they may potentially be forfeiting a substantially lower interest rate on their existing home for a higher interest rate mortgage on a new home. While interest rates have stabilized, they are still elevated from previously historically low levels. We may have the ability to offset the impact of rising interest rates on affordability by purchasing interest rate locks; however, the cost of these rate locks is expensive and there is no guarantee that interest rate locks will be available for us to purchase at desirable terms, or if they are available, there is no guarantee that they will be desired as an alternative by potential customers. We may have the ability to offset the impact of rising interest rates on affordability by purchasing interest rate locks; however, there is no guarantee that interest rate locks will be available for us to purchase at desirable terms, or if they are available, there is no guarantee that they will be utilized by potential customers.
A homebuyer's ability to obtain a mortgage loan is largely subject to prevailing interest rates, lenders’ credit standards and appraisals, and the availability of government-supported programs, such as those from the FHA, the VA, Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae") and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac"). If credit standards or appraisal guidelines are tightened, or mortgage loan programs are curtailed, potential buyers of our homes may not be able to obtain necessary mortgage financing. There can be no assurance that these programs will continue to be available or that they will be as accommodating as they currently are. Continued legislative and regulatory actions or more stringent underwriting standards could have a material adverse effect on our business if certain buyers are unable to obtain mortgage financing. Continued legislative and regulatory actions and more stringent underwriting standards could have a material adverse effect on our business if certain buyers are unable to obtain mortgage financing. A prolonged tightening of the financial markets could also negatively impact our business.
Our future operations may be adversely impacted by high inflation or deflation.
We, like other homebuilders, may be adversely affected during periods of high inflation, mainly from higher land, construction, labor and materials costs. Inflation could increase our cost of financing, materials and labor and could cause our financial results and profitability to decline. Traditionally, we have attempted to pass cost increases on to our customers through higher sales prices, although in recent years we have had to absorb higher land development and labor costs, which have negatively impacted our profitability. Traditionally, we have attempted to pass cost increases on to our customers through higher sales prices and inflation has not historically had a material adverse effect on our business, although in recent months we have absorbed higher material and labor costs which negatively impacted our profitability.
Alternatively, a significant period of deflation could cause a decrease in overall spending and borrowing levels if it is driven by deteriorating economic conditions, including an increase in the rate of unemployment. Deflation could also cause the value of our inventories to decline or reduce the value of existing homes below the related mortgage loan balance, which could potentially increase the supply of existing homes due to foreclosures. These, or other factors that increase the risk of significant deflation, could have a negative impact on our business or financial results.
Shortages in the availability of subcontract labor may delay construction schedules and increase our costs.
We conduct our construction operations only as a general contractor. Virtually all construction and development work is performed by unaffiliated third-party subcontractors and consultants. As a consequence, we depend on the continued availability of and satisfactory performance by these subcontractors and consultants for the construction of our communities and homes and to provide related materials. The cost of labor may also be adversely affected by shortages of qualified trades people, changes in laws and regulations relating to union activity and changes in immigration laws and trends in labor migration. Throughout various homebuilding cycles, we have experienced shortages of skilled labor in certain markets, which led to increased labor costs and delayed construction schedules. Although we continually strive to be a partner of choice with our trades, we cannot be assured that in the future there will be a sufficient supply of, or satisfactory performance by, these unaffiliated third-party subcontractors and consultants, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
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Legislation related to tariffs could increase the cost to construct our homes.
The cost of certain building materials is influenced by changes in local and global commodity prices as well as government regulation, such as government-imposed tariffs on building supplies. Such cost increases limit our ability to control costs, potentially reducing margins on the homes we build if we are not able to successfully offset the increased costs through higher sales prices. Additionally, tariffs pose a risk to our supply chain availability if we are forced to use alternative materials or products.
High cancellation rates may negatively impact our business.
Our backlog reflects the number and value of homes for which we have entered into non-contingent sales contracts with customers but have not yet delivered those homes. In connection with the sale of a home, our policy is to generally collect a deposit from our customers, although typically this deposit reflects a small percentage of the total purchase price, and due to local regulations or other considerations, the deposit may, in certain circumstances, be fully or partially refundable prior to closing. While our 60-day closing ready guarantee shortens the time between order and closing, if the prices for our homes in a given community decline, our neighboring competitors reduce their sales prices (or increase their sales incentives), interest rates increase, the availability of mortgage financing tightens or there is a downturn in local, regional or national economies, homebuyers may elect to cancel their home purchase contracts with us. Although cancellations are currently at normal levels, significant cancellations in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business, which could result in lost revenue and the accumulation of unsold housing inventory.
Supply shortages and other risks could materially disrupt our operations and increase costs.
Our ability to timely construct our homes may be significantly impacted by circumstances beyond our control, such as work stoppages, shortages of qualified trades people or municipal employees, lack of utility infrastructure and services, our need to rely on local subcontractors, and shortages or delays in availability of building materials.Our ability to timely construct our homes may be significantly impacted by circumstances beyond our control, such as work stoppages, shortages of qualified trades people, lack of utility infrastructure and services, our need to rely on local subcontractors, and shortages or delays in availability of building materials. Constraints on the availability of raw materials and finished goods or in the distribution channels of our construction inputs can delay delivery of our homes to customers and can increase our building costs or lead to sales orders cancellations. Constraints of raw materials and finished goods or in the distribution channels of our construction inputs can delay delivery of our homes to customers and can increase our building costs or lead to sales orders cancellations. These delays impact the timing of our expected home closings and may also result in cost increases that we may not be able to pass to our current or future customers. Sustained increases in construction costs may, over time, erode our margins, and impact our total order and closing volumes. During the global pandemic, supply chain and labor constraints related to sustained demand caused our construction cycle times to lengthen, although in recent years the supply chain and labor capacity have been at normal levels.
If home prices decline, potential buyers may not be able to sell their existing homes, which may negatively impact our sales.
As a homebuilder, we are subject to market forces beyond our control. In general, housing demand is impacted by the affordability of housing. Many homebuyers need to sell their existing homes in order to purchase a new home from us, and a weakness in the home resale market could adversely affect that ability. Declines in home prices could have an adverse effect on our homebuilding business volumes and cash flows.
A reduction in our orders absorption levels may force us to incur and absorb additional community-level costs.
We incur certain overhead costs associated with our communities, such as marketing expenses, real estate taxes and homeowners' association assessments and costs associated with the upkeep and maintenance of our model homes and sales complexes.We incur certain overhead costs associated with our communities, such as marketing expenses, real estate taxes and HOA assessments and costs associated with the upkeep and maintenance of our model homes and sales complexes. If our orders absorption pace decreases and the time required to close out our communities is extended, we would likely incur additional overhead costs, which would negatively impact our financial results. If our orders absorptions pace decreases and the time required to close out our communities is extended, we would likely incur additional overhead costs, which would negatively impact our financial results. Additionally, we typically incur various land development improvement costs for a community prior to the commencement of home construction. Such costs include infrastructure, utilities, property taxes and other related expenses. A sustained reduction in home absorption rates increases the associated holding costs and extends our time and ability to recover such costs. A reduction in home absorption rates increases the associated holding costs and extends our time and ability to recover such costs.
Our ability to acquire and develop raw or partially finished lots may be negatively impacted if we are unable to secure performance bonds.
In connection with land development work on our raw or partially developed land, we are often required to provide performance bonds, letters of credit or other assurances for the benefit of the respective municipalities or governmental authorities. These instruments provide assurance to the beneficiaries that the development will be completed, or that in case we do not perform, that funds from these instruments are available for the municipality or governmental agency to arrange for completion of such work. Although such instruments are currently readily accessible, in the future performance bonds or letters of credit may be difficult to obtain, or may become difficult to obtain on terms that are acceptable to us. Although such instruments are currently accessible, in the future additional performance bonds or letters of credit may be difficult to obtain, or may become difficult to obtain on terms that are acceptable to us. If we are unable to secure such instruments, progress on affected projects may be delayed or halted or we may be required to expend additional cash or other forms of guarantees, which may adversely affect our financial position and ability to grow our operations. If we are unable to secure such instruments, progress on affected projects may be delayed or halted or we may be required to expend additional cash, which may adversely affect our financial position and ability to grow our operations.
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The value of our real estate inventory may decline, leading to impairments and reduced profitability.
Downturns in the economy, or specifically in the homebuilding industry, require us to re-evaluate the value of our land holdings, which could result in significant impairment charges and decrease both the book value of our assets and stockholders’ equity. During the last significant downturn that began in 2008, and in certain isolated circumstances afterward, we had to impair many of our real-estate assets to fair-value, incurring large impairment charges which negatively impacted our financial results and financial position. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized relatively smaller impairment charges due to softening economic conditions.
If we are unable to successfully compete in the highly competitive housing industry, our financial results and growth may suffer.
The housing industry is highly competitive. We compete for sales in each of our markets with national, regional and local developers and homebuilders, resale of existing homes and condominiums, and available rental housing. Some of our competitors have greater financial resources and some may have lower costs than we do. Competition among homebuilders of all sizes is based on a number of interrelated factors, including location, reputation, product type, amenities, design, innovation, quality and price. Competition is expected to continue and may become more intense, and there may be new entrants in the markets in which we currently operate and in markets we may enter in the future. Competition is expected to continue and may become more intense, and there may be new entrants in the markets in which we currently operate and in markets we may enter in the future and our industry has recently experienced some consolidations. If we are unable to successfully compete, our financial results and growth could suffer.
We are subject to home warranty and construction defect claims arising in the ordinary course of business, which may lead to additional reserves or expenses.
Home warranty and construction defect claims are common in the homebuilding industry and can be costly. We sometimes encounter construction defect issues that may be alleged to be widespread within a single community or geographic area. We sometimes encounter construction defect issues that may be alleged to be widespread within a single community or geographic area and we are currently managing two such issues regarding alleged widespread stucco application issues in some of our markets and HVAC condensation issues in our Florida markets. See Note 1 - “Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 16 - "Commitments and Contingencies" in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding warranty reserves and adjustments. In order to account for future potential warranty and construction defect obligations, we establish a warranty reserve in connection with every home closing. Additionally, we maintain general liability insurance and generally require our subcontractors to provide a warranty and indemnity to us and insurance coverage for liabilities arising from their work; however, we cannot be assured that our warranty reserves and insurance and those subcontractors warranties, insurance and indemnities will be adequate to cover all warranty and construction defect claims for which we may be held responsible. For example, we may be responsible for applicable self-insured retentions, and certain claims may not be covered by insurance or may exceed applicable coverage limits, which could be material to our financial results. In addition, the cost of insuring against construction defect and product liability claims is high, and the amount of coverage offered by insurance companies may not be sufficient to cover all costs. There can be no assurance that this coverage will not be further restricted and become more costly. If the limits or coverages of our current and former insurance programs and/or those of our subcontractors prove inadequate, or we and/or our subcontractors are unable to obtain adequate, or reasonably priced, insurance against these types of claims in the future, or the amounts currently provided for future warranty or insurance claims are inadequate, we may experience losses that could negatively impact our financial results.
A major safety incident relating to our operations could be costly in terms of potential liabilities and reputational damage.
Construction sites are inherently dangerous and pose certain inherent health and safety risks to construction workers, employees and other visitors. Due to health and safety regulatory requirements and the number of projects we work on, health and safety performance is important to the success of our development and construction activities. Any failure in health and safety performance may result in penalties for non-compliance with relevant regulatory requirements, and a failure that results in a significant health and safety incident is likely to be costly and could expose us to claims resulting from personal injury or death. Any failure in health and safety performance may result in penalties for non-compliance with relevant regulatory requirements, and a failure that results in a major or significant health and safety incident is likely to be costly and could expose us to claims resulting from personal injury or death. Such a failure could also generate significant negative publicity and have a corresponding impact on our reputation, our relationships with relevant regulatory agencies or governmental authorities, and our ability to attract customers and employees, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
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We experience fluctuations and variability in our operating results, as a result, our historical performance may not be a meaningful indicator of future results.
We historically have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, variability in home sales and results of operations. As a result of such variability, our historical performance may not be a meaningful indicator of future results. Factors that contribute to this variability include:
•quarterly seasonal variations in our operating results and capital requirements;
•timing of community openings and closings;
•timing of home deliveries and land sales;
•the changing composition and mix of our asset portfolio;
•delays in construction schedules due to adverse weather, acts of God, reduced subcontractor availability and governmental requirements and restrictions;
•conditions of the real estate market in areas where we operate and of the general economy;
•governmental imposed restrictions, such as stay-at-home orders, and consumer reactions related to an epidemic or pandemic;
•the cyclical nature of the homebuilding industry; and
•costs and availability of materials and labor.
Our level of indebtedness may adversely affect our financial position and prevent us from fulfilling our debt obligations.
The homebuilding industry is capital intensive and requires significant up-front expenditures to secure land and pursue development and construction on such land. Accordingly, we incur substantial indebtedness to finance our homebuilding activities. At December 31, 2025, we had approximately $1.8 billion of indebtedness and $775.2 million of cash and cash equivalents. If we require working capital greater than that provided by our operations and current liquidity position, including the $834.5 million available to be drawn under our credit facility, we may be required to seek additional capital in the form of equity or debt financing from a variety of potential sources, including bank financing, public bonds or off-balance sheet resources. There can be no assurance we would be able to obtain such additional capital on terms acceptable to us, if at all. The level of our indebtedness could have important consequences to our stockholders, including the following:
•our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or general corporate purposes could be impaired;
•we could be required to use a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to pay interest and principal on our indebtedness, which would reduce the funds available to us for other purposes such as land and lot acquisition, development and construction activities;
•although we have a relatively low level of indebtedness and a relatively high balance of cash and cash equivalents, some of our competitors may have additional access to capital, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage and reduce our flexibility in planning for, or responding to, changing conditions in our industry, including increased competition; and
•we may be more vulnerable to economic downturns and adverse developments in our business than some of our competitors.
Furthermore, the holders of our 1.750% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028 (the "2028 Convertible Notes") have the right to convert their notes upon the occurrence of certain conversion conditions. Upon conversion, we will be required to make cash payments up to the aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Convertible Notes to be converted and cash, shares of common stock or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at our election, in respect of the remainder, if any, of our conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Convertible Notes being converted.
We expect to generate cash flow to pay our expenses and to pay the principal and interest on our indebtedness with cash flow from operations or from existing working capital. Our ability to meet our expenses thus depends, to a large extent, on our future performance, which will be affected by financial, business, economic and other factors. We will not be able to control many of these factors, such as economic conditions in the markets where we operate and pressure from competitors. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may be required to refinance all or part of our existing debt, sell assets, issue equity or borrow additional funds. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so on terms acceptable to us, if at all. In addition, the terms of existing or future debt agreements may restrict or limit us from pursuing any of these alternatives.
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We are subject to counterparty risk with respect to the capped call transactions.
In connection with the issuance of the 2028 Convertible Notes, we entered into certain derivative transactions (the "capped call transactions") with the several capped call counterparties (together with their respective affiliates, the "option counterparties"). The capped call transactions are expected generally to reduce potential dilution to our common stock upon conversion of any 2028 Convertible Notes and to offset any cash payments made in excess of the principal amount of converted 2028 Convertible Notes.
Although the option counterparties are investment grade international financial institutions, we will be subject to the risk that any or all of them might default under the capped call transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the option counterparties is not secured by any collateral. Past global economic conditions have resulted in the actual or perceived failure or financial difficulties of many financial institutions. If an option counterparty becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our exposure at that time under the capped call transactions with such option counterparty. Our exposure will depend on many factors. For example, if a market condition existed where our stock increased above the premium but one or more option counterparties defaults under the capped call transactions, we may suffer more dilution than we currently anticipate with respect to our common stock. These instruments provide assurance to the beneficiaries that the development will be completed, or that in case we do not perform, that funds from these instruments are available for the municipality or governmental agency to arrange for completion of such work. We can provide no assurance as to the financial stability or viability of the option counterparties.
Our ability to obtain third-party financing may be negatively affected by any downgrade of our credit rating from one or more rating agencies.
We consider the availability of third-party financing to be a key component of our long-term strategy to grow our business either through acquisitions or through internal expansion. As of December 31, 2025, our credit ratings were BBB-, Baa3, and BBB- by Standard and Poor’s Financial Services, Moody’s Investor Services and Fitch Ratings, respectively, our three rating agencies. As of December 31, 2022, our credit ratings were BB+, Ba1, and BB+ by Standard and Poor’s Financial Services, Moody’s Investor Services and Fitch Ratings, respectively, the three primary rating agencies. Any downgrades from these ratings may impact our ability to obtain future additional financing, or to obtain such financing on terms that are favorable to us and therefore, may adversely impact our future operations.
The physical impacts of natural disasters or extreme weather events, which may be caused or exacerbated by climate change, could increase our costs and adversely affect our operations.
The climates in many of the states in which we have homebuilding operations, particularly California, Texas, Florida and other coastal areas, present increased risks of, and have recently experienced, adverse weather and natural disasters which may be caused by, or exacerbated by, climate change.The climates of many of the states in which we have homebuilding operations, particularly California, Texas, Florida and other coastal areas, present increased risks of, and have recently experienced, adverse weather and natural disasters which may be caused by, or exacerbated by, climate change. We may not be able to insure against some of these risks, and damage or destruction to our homes under construction or our building lots and community improvements caused by adverse weather or natural disasters could result in uninsured or underinsured losses. We could also suffer significant construction delays or substantial fluctuations in the pricing or availability of building materials and labor due to such disasters. Any of these events could cause a delay in scheduled closings and a decrease in our revenue, cash flows and earnings. Additionally, such disasters may increase the cost of homeowner's insurance, which could negatively impact our sales and profitability if homeowners are unable to obtain cost-effective insurance.
Risks Related to Our Strategy
Our long-term success depends on the availability of lots and land that meet our land investment criteria.
The availability of lots and land that meet our underwriting standards depends on a number of factors outside of our control, including land availability in general, competition with other homebuilders and land buyers, credit market conditions, legal and government agency processes and regulations, inflation in land prices, zoning, availability of utilities and water, our ability and the costs to obtain building permits, the amount of impact fees, property tax rates and other regulatory requirements. If suitable lots or land becomes less available, or the cost of attractive land increases, it could reduce the number of homes that we may be able to build and sell and reduce our anticipated margins, each of which could adversely impact our financial results. The availability of suitable land assets could also affect the success of our strategic initiatives to increase our closings and maintain profitability.
If our current strategies are not successful, it could have negative consequences on our operations, financial position and cash flows.
We focus our community designs, product offerings and marketing on entry-level and first move-up homes based on our belief that these two product types will comprise the majority of the market demand in the near and medium term outlook. If there is a shift away from, or decrease in, the demand for our entry-level and first move-up home offerings, it could have negative consequences on our operations, financial position and cash flows if we are unable to shift our product offerings accordingly.
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Reduced levels of sales or a deterioration in land values may cause us to re-evaluate the viability of existing land option contracts, resulting in a potential termination of these contracts which may lead to impairment charges.
During significant economic downturns, we may forfeit significant amounts of deposits and write off significant amounts of related pre-acquisition costs related to projects we no longer deem feasible if they are not projected to generate acceptable returns. During the last significant downturn that began in 2008, we forfeited significant amounts of deposits and wrote off significant amounts of related pre-acquisition costs related to projects we no longer deemed feasible, as they were not projected to generate acceptable returns. At December 31, 2025, we had Deposits on real estate under option or contract of $174.2 million, of which $161.5 million related to committed projects. Although our participation in land options is limited at this time, a downturn in the homebuilding market may cause us to re-evaluate the feasibility of our optioned projects which may result in us forfeiting associated deposits, which would reduce our assets and stockholders’ equity. Although our participation in such options is more limited at this time, another downturn in the homebuilding market may cause us to re-evaluate the feasibility of our optioned projects which may result in us forfeiting associated deposits, which would reduce our assets and stockholders’ equity. For example, during 2025 we recognized charges on terminated land contracts of $39.4 million as we elected to terminate certain positions to release capital to top-grade our land portfolio as better opportunities become available.
Our lack of geographic diversification could adversely affect us if the homebuilding industry in our markets decline.
We have homebuilding operations in Arizona, California, Colorado, Utah, Tennessee, Texas, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina.We have homebuilding operations in Texas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. Although we have, in recent years, expanded our operations to new markets, our geographic diversification is still more limited than some of our competitors and could adversely impact us if the homebuilding business in our current markets should decline, since we may not have a balancing opportunity in other geographic regions.
Our disclosures related to sustainability matters expose us to risks that could adversely affect our reputation and performance.
Although we have not publicly announced any carbon targets, we voluntarily published our fifth annual S&CR Report in 2025 which followed certain reporting frameworks that we believe are of value to our investors and other stakeholders. If our S&CR practices do not meet evolving investor or other stakeholder expectations and standards, then our reputation, our ability to attract or retain employees, and our attractiveness as an investment or business partner could be negatively impacted. Further, our failure or perceived failure to pursue or fulfill our goals and objectives or to satisfy various reporting standards on a timely basis, or at all, could have similar negative impacts or expose us to government enforcement actions and private litigation. For example, California has recently adopted climate-related reporting and audit requirements that would require us to gather information from our third-party business partners over which we are unable to exert control or significant influence. For example, although long-term interest rates remain low compared to historical averages, in 2022 they increased significantly from their previously historically low averages and are anticipated to continue to increase in the near term. If our third-party business partners are unwilling or unable to provide adequate information, we may be unable to fully comply with future mandatory reporting and audit requirements at the state or federal level.
Operational Risks
Information technology failures and data security breaches could harm our business.
We use information technology ("IT") and other digital resources to carry out important operational, financial and marketing activities as well as maintain our business records.We use information technology and other computer resources to carry out important operational, financial and marketing activities as well as maintain our business records. Many of these resources are provided to us and/or maintained on our behalf by third-party service providers pursuant to agreements that specify certain security and service level standards. We and our service providers employ what we believe are appropriate security, disaster recovery and other preventative and corrective systems, processes and controls. Additionally, we maintain cybersecurity insurance and require our employees to complete ongoing information security training; however, our ability to conduct our business may be impaired if these information technology resources are compromised, degraded, damaged or fail, whether due to a virus or other harmful circumstance, intentional penetration or disruption of our information technology resources by a third party, natural disaster, hardware or software corruption or failure or error (including a failure of security controls incorporated into or applied to such hardware or software), telecommunications system failure, service provider error or failure, intentional or unintentional personnel actions (including the failure to follow our security protocols), or lost connectivity to our networked resources.
While we continuously assess and enhance our cybersecurity controls, we cannot assure you that cyber attacks will not occur in the future. Such events could have a significant and extended disruption to the functioning of our IT and other digital resources, damage our reputation and cause us to lose customers and sales, result in the unintended disclosure or the misappropriation of proprietary, personal and confidential information (including information about our homebuyers, employees and business partners), and require us to incur significant expense to address and remediate these kinds of issues. Such events could have a significant and extended disruption to the functioning of our information technology and other computer resources, damage our reputation and cause us to lose customers and sales, result in the unintended disclosure or the misappropriation of proprietary, personal and confidential information (including information about our homebuyers, employees and business partners), and require us to incur significant expense to address and remediate these kinds of issues. The release of confidential information may also lead to litigation or other proceedings against us by affected individuals and/or business partners and/or by regulators, and the outcome of such proceedings, which could include penalties or fines, could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position and reputation. In addition, the costs of maintaining adequate protection against such threats, depending on their evolution, pervasiveness and frequency and/or government-mandated standards or obligations regarding protective efforts, are high and expected to continue to increase in the future and may be material to our results of operations and financial position.
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Beyond our service providers, we depend on independent third parties to handle certain processes required to complete land purchases and home closings, including title insurers, escrow/settlement companies, independent mortgage lenders and other firms involved in real property transactions. In the latter half of 2023, several third-party companies in the real estate industry experienced cybersecurity incidents that substantially impaired their ability to provide their services. Although these incidents did not materially impact our operations, should these or other companies experience cybersecurity incidents or IT failures that disrupt or prevent their performance, our ability to operate may be significantly disrupted which could have a material impact on our results of operations or financial position.
See Item 1C - “Cybersecurity" in Part I of this Annual Report for additional information regarding our cybersecurity risk management, strategy and governance.
The loss of key personnel may negatively impact us.
Our success largely depends on the continuing services of certain key employees and our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel. We have employment agreements with certain key employees who we believe possess valuable industry knowledge, experience and leadership abilities that would be difficult in the short term to replicate. The loss of the services of such key employees could harm our operations and business plans.
Regulatory Risks
Expirations, amendments or changes to tax laws, incentives or credits currently available to us and our homebuyers may negatively impact our business.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") signed into law in December 2017 limited deductions related to homeownership to a cap of $10,000 for the aggregate of state and local real property and income taxes or state and local sales taxes. Additionally, the Tax Act reduces the cap on mortgage interest deduction to $750,000 of debt for debt incurred after December 15, 2017. Although we primarily build more affordable homes with proportionally lower property taxes and interest, the limits on deductibility of mortgage interest and property taxes may increase the after-tax cost of owning a home for some individuals. Any increases in personal income tax rates and/or additional tax deduction limits relating to the cost of home ownership could adversely impact demand for homes, including homes we build, which could adversely affect the results of our operations.
On July 4, 2025, President Trump signed into law the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, which includes several significant corporate tax changes. The legislation modifies or extends provisions originally enacted under the Tax Act, including, but not limited to, the repeal of the §45L energy-efficient home credit for homes acquired after June 30, 2026. The impact of more stringent building criteria for these tax credits is already reflected in our 2025 financial results with low participation rates, so we anticipate a limited impact on a go-forward basis.
We are subject to federal and state income taxes and recognize benefits from certain allowable deductions and available credits. Increases in statutory tax rates or the elimination or reduction of available deductions and credits could adversely affect our results of operations and the realization of our deferred tax assets. Increases in statutory tax rates or the elimination or reduction of available deductions could adversely affect the results of our operations and the realization of our deferred tax assets.
Our income tax provision and other tax liabilities may be insufficient if taxing authorities initiate and are successful in asserting tax positions that are contrary to our position.
In the normal course of business, we are audited by various federal, state and local authorities regarding income tax matters. In the normal course of business, we are audited by various federal, state and local authorities regarding income tax matters. Significant judgment is required to determine our provision for income taxes and our liabilities for federal, state, local and other taxes. Although we believe our approach to determining the appropriate tax treatment is supportable and in accordance with tax laws and regulations and relevant accounting literature, it is possible that the final tax authority will take a tax position that is materially different than ours. As each audit is conducted, adjustments, if any, are recorded in our consolidated financial statements in the period determined. Such differences could have a material adverse effect on our income tax provision or benefit, or other tax reserves or assets, in the reporting period in which such determination is made and, consequently, on our results of operations, financial position and/or cash flows for such period. Such differences could have a material adverse effect on our income tax provision or benefit, or other tax reserves, in the reporting period in which such determination is made and, consequently, on our results of operations, financial position and/or cash flows for such period. We have no federal or state income tax examinations being conducted at this time.
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Failure to comply with laws and regulations by our employees or representatives may harm us.
We are required to comply with applicable laws and regulations that govern all aspects of our business including land acquisition, development, home construction, labor and employment, mortgage origination, insurance, title and escrow operations, sales, and warranty. It is possible that individuals acting on our behalf could intentionally or unintentionally violate some of these laws and regulations. Although we endeavor to comply with such laws and regulations and take immediate action if we become aware of such violations, we may incur fines, penalties or losses as a result of these actions and our reputation with governmental agencies and our customers may be damaged. Further, other acts of bad judgment may also result in negative publicity and/or financial consequences.
We are subject to extensive government regulations that could cause us to incur significant liabilities or restrict our business activities.
Regulatory requirements could cause us to incur significant liabilities and costs and could restrict our business activities. We are subject to local, state and federal statutes, codes, and rules regulating labor and employment matters, relationships with trade partners and their employees, certain land development matters, as well as building and site design and construction. We are subject to various fees and charges of government authorities designed to defray the cost of providing certain governmental services and improvements. We may be subject to additional costs and delays or may be precluded entirely from building projects because of “no-growth” or “slow-growth” initiatives, building permit ordinances, building moratoriums, or similar government regulations that could be imposed in the future due to health, safety, climate, welfare or environmental concerns. We must also obtain licenses, permits and approvals from government agencies to engage in certain activities, the granting or receipt of which are beyond our control and could cause delays in our homebuilding projects.
With concern from government agencies and the general public over the effects of climate change on the environment, we may be subject to additional regulatory responses to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change that may increase our costs particularly as they relate to land development and home construction activities.22With growing concern from government agencies and the general public over the effects of climate change on the environment, we may be subject to additional regulatory responses to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change that may increase our costs particularly as they relate to land development and home construction activities. For example, in California, all homes constructed are required to have solar panels, which we offer as standard feature for homes built in the state. Such compliance has not had a material impact on our operations; however, it could increase our operating and compliance costs in the future or require additional technology and capital investment. These and other similar environmental laws or permit restrictions may also result in production delays and may prohibit or severely restrict development in certain environmentally sensitive or geographic areas. Environmental regulations can also have an adverse impact on the use, availability and price of certain raw materials and natural resources. While we believe we are complying in all material respects with existing climate-related government standards and regulations applicable to our business, we also cannot predict our future exposure given the rapidly changing nature of environmental matters.
In the future, there may be new regulations adopted and legislation being enacted, or considered for enactment, at the federal, state, local and international levels relating to energy and climate change.There is a variety of new regulations being adopted and legislation being enacted, or considered for enactment, at the federal, state, local and international levels relating to energy and climate change. This legislation relates to items such as carbon dioxide emissions control and building codes that impose energy efficiency standards. New building code requirements that impose stricter energy efficiency standards could significantly increase our cost to construct homes. As climate change discussions continue, legislation and regulations of this nature could become more costly to comply with. Similarly, energy-and climate-related initiatives affect a wide variety of companies throughout the United States and the world and because our operations are heavily dependent on significant amounts of raw materials, such as lumber, steel, and concrete, they could have an indirect adverse impact on our operations and profitability to the extent the manufacturers and suppliers of our materials are directly or indirectly burdened with expensive cap and trade and similar energy and climate-related regulations.
Our financial services operations are subject to extensive regulations that could cause us to incur significant liabilities or restrict our business activities.
Our wholly-owned title company, Carefree Title, provides title insurance and closing settlement services for our homebuyers. The title and settlement services provided by Carefree Title are subject to various regulations, including regulation by state banking and insurance authorities. These laws and regulations include many compliance requirements, including but not limited to licensing, consumer disclosures and real estate settlement procedures. As a result, our operations are subject to regular, extensive examinations by the applicable agencies. Additional future regulations or changing rule interpretations and examinations by regulatory agencies may result in more stringent compliance standards and could adversely affect the results of our operations.
Our mortgage joint venture is engaged in mortgage broker activities and provides services to our homebuyers. Our mortgage joint venture is engaged in mortgage broker activities and provides services to our homebuyers. Potential changes to federal and state laws and regulations could have the effect of limiting our activities or how our mortgage joint venture conducts its operations and this could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. The mortgage industry remains under intense scrutiny and continues to face increasing regulation at the federal, state and local level. Although we do not originate mortgages, we may be directly or indirectly subject to certain of these regulations. In addition, if we are
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determined to have violated federal or state regulations, we could face the loss of our licenses or other required approvals or we could be subject to fines, penalties, civil actions or we could be required to suspend our activities, each of which could have an adverse effect on our reputation, results and operations.
General Risk Factors
Negative publicity could adversely affect our reputation and our business, financial results and stock price.
Unfavorable media related to our industry, company, brand, personnel, operations, business performance, or prospects may impact our stock price and the performance of our business, regardless of its accuracy or inaccuracy. The speed at which negative publicity is disseminated has increased dramatically through the use of electronic communication, including social media outlets, websites, blogs, and similar platforms. Our success in maintaining and expanding our brand image depends, in part, on our ability to adapt to this rapidly changing media environment. Adverse publicity or negative commentary from any media outlets could damage our reputation and reduce the demand for our homes, which would adversely affect our business.
Our business could be materially disrupted by an epidemic or pandemic, or fear of such an event, and the measures that federal, state and local governments and/or health authorities implement to address it.
Demand for our homes is dependent on a variety of macroeconomic factors, such as employment levels, interest rates, changes in stock market valuations, consumer confidence, housing demand, availability of building materials, availability of financing for home buyers, availability and prices of new homes compared to existing inventory, and demographic trends. These factors can be significantly adversely affected by a variety of factors beyond our control. Future disruptions and governmental actions combined with any associated economic and/or social instability or distress resulting from an epidemic or pandemic may have an adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. However, future disruptions and governmental actions combined with any associated economic and/or social instability or distress, may have an adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Any of the above risk factors could have a material adverse effect on any investment in our bonds and common stock. As a result, investors could lose some or all of their investment.
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Special Note of Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
In passing the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”), Congress encouraged public companies to make “forward-looking statements” by creating a safe-harbor to protect companies from securities law liability in connection with forward-looking statements. We intend to qualify both our written and oral forward-looking statements for protection under the PSLRA.
The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “forecast,” “plan,” “intend,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “estimate,” "target," and “project” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date the statement was made. All statements we make other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements within the meaning of that term in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report include statements concerning our belief that we have ample liquidity; our cash management strategy and intentions; our goals, strategies and strategic initiatives including our all spec and move-in ready strategy and our focus on external real estate brokers as customers, and the anticipated benefits relating thereto; our intentions and the expected benefits and advantages of our product and land positioning strategies, including with respect to our focus on the first-time and first move-up buyer and housing demand for affordable homes; the benefits of our financing incentive programs; the benefits of and our intentions to use options to acquire land; our exposure to supplier concentration risk and other matters concerning our supply chain; our delivery of substantially all of our backlog existing as of year end; our positions and our expected outcome relating to litigation and regulatory proceedings in general; that we may repurchase, redeem or retire our debt and equity securities; our non-use of derivative financial instruments; expectations regarding our industry and our business into 2026 and beyond; the demand for and the pricing of our homes; our land and lot acquisition strategy, including that we will redeploy cash to acquire well-positioned finished lots and that we may participate in joint ventures or other opportunities; that we may expand into new markets; the availability of labor and materials for our operations; that we may seek additional debt or equity capital; our expectation that existing guarantees, letters of credit and performance and surety bonds will not be drawn on; the sufficiency of our insurance coverage and warranty reserves; the sufficiency of our capital resources to support our business strategy; the sufficiency of our land pipeline; the impact of new accounting standards and changes in accounting estimates; trends and expectations concerning future demand for homes, sales prices, sales orders, construction cycle times, cancellations, labor, construction and materials costs and availability, gross margins, profitability, liquidity, land costs, community counts and profitability and future home supply and inventories; our future cash needs and sources; the impact of seasonality; that we intend to pay dividends in the future; and our future compliance with debt covenants. Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report include statements concerning our belief that we have ample liquidity; our cash management strategy and intentions; our goals, strategies and strategic initiatives including our all spec-strategy for entry-level homes and the anticipated benefits relating thereto; our intentions and the expected benefits and advantages of our product and land positioning strategies, including with respect to our focus on the first-time and first move-up buyer and housing demand for affordable homes; the benefits of and our intentions to use options to acquire land; our preselected design collections strategy; our exposure to supplier concentration risk and other matters concerning our supply chain; our delivery of substantially all of our backlog existing as of year end; our positions and our expected outcome relating to litigation and regulatory proceedings in general; the sufficiency of our warranty reserves; that we may repurchase our debt and equity securities; our non-use of derivative financial instruments; expectations regarding our industry and our business into 2023 and beyond; the demand for and the pricing of our homes; our land and lot acquisition strategy, including that we will redeploy cash to acquire well-positioned finished lots and that we may participate in joint ventures or other opportunities; that we may expand into new markets; the availability of labor and materials for our operations; that we may seek additional debt or equity capital; our expectation that existing guarantees, letters of credit and performance and surety bonds will not be drawn on; the sufficiency of our insurance coverage and warranty reserves; the sufficiency of our capital resources to support our business strategy; the sufficiency of our land pipeline; the impact of new accounting standards and changes in accounting estimates; trends and expectations concerning future demand for homes, sales prices, sales orders, cancellations, construction and materials costs and availability, gross margins, profitability, liquidity, land costs, community counts and profitability and future home supply and inventories; our DE&I initiatives and intentions; our future cash needs and sources; the impact of seasonality; that we may pay dividends in the future; and our future compliance with debt covenants.
Important factors currently known to management that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in forward-looking statements, and that could negatively affect our business are discussed above in this report under the heading “Risk Factors.”
Forward-looking statements express expectations of future events. All forward-looking statements are inherently uncertain as they are based on various expectations and assumptions concerning future events and they are subject to numerous known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from those projected. Due to these inherent uncertainties, the investment community is urged not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. In addition, we undertake no obligations to update or revise forward-looking statements to reflect changed assumptions, the occurrence of unanticipated events or changes to projections over time, except as required by law.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 1C.Item 1A. Cybersecurity
Risk Management and Strategy
Our ability to conduct our business may be impaired, or our customer and employee personal information may be vulnerable, if our IT resources are compromised, degraded, damaged or fail. Such events may include, but are not limited to: a virus or other harmful circumstance; intentional penetration or disruption of our information technology resources by a third party; natural disaster; hardware or software corruption or failure or telecommunications system failure; service provider error or failure; intentional or unintentional personnel actions (including the failure to follow our security protocols); or lost connectivity to our networked resources.
We prioritize cybersecurity and data privacy. Our IT department is responsible for coordinating the protection of our information systems and the data they maintain.
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•Identity & Access Controls: we enforce Zero Trust through Conditional Access, multi‑factor authentication, and apply least privilege principles through periodic entitlement reviews to ensure only authorized users and compliant devices can access company resources.
•Network & Device Security: we restrict network access to Company‑owned or managed devices and apply network segmentation and application‑aware firewalls to limit exposure and lateral movement.
•Threat Detection & Monitoring: we use real‑time detection tools, centralized logging, correlated telemetry, and a security operations center with integrated threat intelligence to identify and mitigate malicious activity.
•Email & Endpoint Security: we maintain layered email defenses and enforce endpoint security baselines including real‑time threat protection and behavioral detection to reduce phishing, malware, and ransomware risks.
•Vulnerability Management & Testing: we conduct continuous vulnerability scanning and annual independent evaluations, including penetration tests and assumed‑breach exercises.
•Data Protection, Privacy & Resilience: we maintain a privacy policy that limits the collection and storage of personal information, apply encryption and other privacy controls, and safeguard systems and data through comprehensive, immutable, and regularly tested backups of identity platforms, critical systems, and operational data.
•Incident Response & Escalation: we maintain documented incident‑response plans that are updated annually, conduct periodic cyber incident exercises, and follow defined escalation paths to senior leadership and the Board.
•Training & Human Risk Management: we provide mandatory cybersecurity education, conduct phishing simulation at least monthly, reinforce secure employee behaviors, and maintain channels for reporting suspicious activity.
•Program Governance & Continuous Improvement: we regularly update and enhance our cybersecurity program to address evolving threats, align with recognized frameworks, and maintain third‑party cybersecurity insurance to mitigate potential financial impacts of cyber incidents.
•Vendor Management: we review technology vendors for appropriate access controls, data protection, incident response capabilities, and disaster recovery. We also perform independent testing and review the annual System and Organization Controls ("SOC") Type 1 and/or SOC II Type 2 reports for vendors that host company data.
To date, we have not identified any risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition . For a discussion of how risks from cybersecurity threats affect our business, see Part I, Item 1A - " Risk Factors – Operational Risks – Information technology failures and data security breaches could harm our business” in this Annual Report.
Governance
Our cybersecurity program is led and managed by our CIO and driven by an experienced technology leadership team. Our CIO has more than 30 years of experience working in information technology including chief information officer roles in the financial services, banking, healthcare, and hospitality sectors. While in those roles, our CIO has led governance, risk, and compliance with technology programs and information security programs. Supporting the CIO is a dedicated cybersecurity team that designs and monitors cybersecurity control frameworks and data privacy procedures, as well as implements cybersecurity control systems and solutions.
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