relations and the level of integration with key components in our global supply chain. It remains unclear what additional actions the current U.S. administration may take with respect to trade issues involving China and other countries.

Changes in U.S. trade relations with foreign countries involved in our business, including but not limited to Mexico, Canada, China, and European countries, could have a material effect on global economic conditions and significantly decrease global trade, which could adversely impact our production costs, purchased material costs, ability to compete, customer demand, short-term vehicle production levels and relationships with suppliers and customers. The ultimate impact of changes to tariffs and trade barriers will depend on a number of factors that are not yet known or are subject to change, including the timing, amount, scope and nature of any tariffs and trade barriers that are implemented.

Highly Competitive Automotive Supply Industry

The automotive component supply industry is highly competitive. New business is typically awarded to the supplier offering the most favorable combination of technological innovation, quality, delivery and price. There can be no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully with the products of our competitors. Our competitors' efforts to grow market share could exert downward pressure on our product pricing and margins. Vertical integration by competitors and customers, as well as within our supply chain, could complicate and impact sourcing decisions by our customers and adversely affect our sales. Some of our competitors may have larger customer bases and significantly greater financial, technical, and marketing resources than we do. These factors may allow our competitors to respond more quickly than we can to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements by devoting greater resources than we can to the development, promotion and sale of automotive aftermarket products. Increased competition could put additional pressure on us to reduce prices or take other actions, which may have an adverse effect on our business, sales, financial condition and results of operations. We may also lose significant customers or lines of business to competitors.

Cyclicality and Seasonality in the Automotive Market

Historically, our operating results have fluctuated by quarter based on the ebbs and flows of automotive vehicle production levels. The automotive market is cyclical and is dependent on consumer spending, on the availability of consumer credit, interest rates, fuel prices, consumer preference and confidence, and to a certain extent, on customer sales incentives. Economic factors adversely affecting consumer demand for automobiles and automotive production, could adversely impact our financial results. Economic factors adversely affecting consumer demand for automobiles and automotive production, such as rising fuel costs, could adversely impact our net sales and net income.

Market Acceptance of New or Enhanced Products

The growth of the Company's business will be dependent on the demand for innovative products. In order to increase sales in current markets and gain entry into new markets, the Company must innovate to maintain and improve existing products while successfully developing and introducing distinctive new and enhanced products that anticipate changing customer and consumer preferences and capitalize upon emerging software technologies, including hybrid and electric vehicle advances. We principally compete for new business at the beginning of the development of new models and upon the redesign of existing models by our customers. New model development generally begins two to five years prior to the marketing of such new models. The failure to obtain new business on new vehicle models or to retain or increase business on redesigned existing models could result in reduced net sales. The failure to obtain new business on new models or to retain or increase business on redesigned existing models could adversely affect our business and financial results. In addition, we may incur significant product development expenses in preparing to meet anticipated customer requirements which may not be recovered. Finally, we may incur significant product development expense in preparing to meet anticipated customer requirements which may not be recovered.

Joint Ventures

Certain of our operations are conducted through a joint venture with ADAC Automotive. With respect to our joint venture, we may share ownership and management responsibilities with a partner that may not share our goals and objectives. Operating a joint venture requires us to manage the business pursuant to the terms of the agreement that we entered into in fiscal 2007 with our partner, which may require additional organizational formalities, as well as the sharing of information and decision making. Given the significant financial impact on us relating to changes in the cost of our primary raw materials, commencing with fiscal 2008 and thereafter, we began quoting quarterly material price adjustments for changes in our zinc costs in our negotiations with our customers. Additional risks associated with joint ventures include one or more partners failing to satisfy contractual obligations, the ability to enforce such obligations, conflicts arising between us and our partner, a change in the ownership of any of our partners and a reduced ability to control compliance with applicable rules and regulations. We could also experience adverse impacts to our financial condition due to volatility in the cost or availability of capital, difficultly obtaining new business or entering into new supplier relationships, a possible loss of market share on our current product portfolio, fines and penalties or difficulty attracting and retaining a skilled workforce. Additionally, our ability to sell our interest in a joint venture may be subject to contractual and other limitations. Accordingly, any such occurrence could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Operational Risks

Shortages, Increases in Costs, or Other Restrictions on the Availability of Raw Materials or Components Supply

If any of our customers experience a material supply shortage, either directly or as a result of supply shortages at another supplier, that customer may halt or limit the purchase of our products. Similarly, if we or one of our own suppliers experiences a supply shortage, we may become unable to produce the affected products if we cannot procure the components from another source. Similarly, if we or one of our own suppliers experience a supply shortage, we may become unable to produce the affected products if we cannot procure the components from another source. Such disruptions may

arise due to any number of issues including catastrophic events such as natural disasters, global pandemics, war, rapid increases in demand, or unforeseen economic challenges like prolonged inflation or elevated interest rates. These shortages could impact our ability to meet production schedules for key products and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

During recent fiscal years, we have experienced higher costs on raw materials and purchased components, as well as freight costs. The continuation or renewal of these cost increases could have a material adverse effect on our future revenue, financial results, financial condition and cash flows. The continuation or renewal of these impacts could have a material adverse effect on our future revenues, financial results, financial condition and cash flows.

In order to manage and reduce the costs of purchased goods and services, we have been rationalizing and consolidating our supply base. As a result, there is greater dependence on fewer sources of supply for certain components and materials used in our products. We consider the production capacities and financial condition of suppliers in our selection process, and expect them to meet our delivery requirements. However, there can be no assurance that strong demand, capacity limitations, shortages of raw materials, labor disputes or other problems will not result in any shortages, cost increases, or other restrictions on the availability of raw materials or components supplied to us. However, there can be no assurance that strong demand, capacity limitations, shortages of raw materials, labor disputes or other problems will not result in any shortages or delays in the supply of components to us.

Foreign Operations

We operate manufacturing operations in Mexico. As these operations continue to expand, their success will depend, in part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage certain risks inherent in international operations, including: enforcing agreements and collecting receivables through certain foreign legal systems, payment cycles of foreign customers, compliance with foreign tax laws, general economic and political conditions in these countries and compliance with foreign laws and regulations.

Cyber Vulnerability

In the ordinary course of business, we collect and store sensitive data, including our proprietary business information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, as well as personally identifiable information of our customers and employees, in our internal data centers, cloud services and on our networks. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Cybersecurity attacks are becoming more sophisticated and include, but are not limited to, malicious software attempts to gain unauthorized access to data, and other electronic security breaches that could lead to disruptions in critical systems, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information, corruption or destruction of data and other manipulation or improper use of systems or networks. Cybercriminals have increasingly demonstrated advanced capabilities, such as use of zero-day vulnerabilities, and rapid integration of new technology such as generative artificial intelligence. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure, as well as that of our partners, customers and suppliers, may be vulnerable to malicious attacks, breaches or system failures due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions, including as a result of rollouts of new systems. Any such breach or operation failure would compromise our networks or that of our business partners, customers or suppliers, and the information stored could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen, cause transaction processing errors, processing inefficiencies, delays or cancellation of customer orders, the loss of customers, impediments to the manufacturing or shipment of products, or other business disruptions. Such access or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, regulatory fines or penalties, disruption in our operations, damage to our reputation, loss of confidence in our products and services, increased costs, or the loss of assets, any of which could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Although we have cybersecurity insurance in place, such access or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, regulatory fines or penalties, disruption in our operations, damage to our reputation, loss of confidence in our products and services, increased costs, or the loss of assets, any of which could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

In addition, as security threats, cybersecurity, data privacy and protection laws and regulations continue to evolve and increase in terms of sophistication, we may be required to or choose to invest additional resources in the security of our systems. Any such increased level of investment could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

Qualified Personnel

Our business success depends, to a significant degree, on attracting and retaining qualified personnel. Our ability to sustain and grow our business requires us to hire, retain, develop and motivate a highly skilled and diverse management team and workforce. These types of employees are in high demand and often have competing employment opportunities. The labor market for skilled employees is highly competitive and we may lose key employees or be forced to increase their compensation to retain these types of employees. Failure to ensure that we have the leadership capacity with the necessary skill set and experience could impede our ability to deliver our growth objectives and execute our strategic plan. Organizational and reporting changes resulting from any future leadership transition or corporate initiatives could result in increased turnover. Additionally, any unplanned turnover or inability to attract and retain key employees could have a negative effect on our results of operations, including by significantly increasing our recruitment, training and other related employee costs. Moreover, the loss of key personnel, or the failure to attract qualified personnel, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Disruptions Due to Work Stoppages and Other Labor Matters

Our major customers and many of their suppliers have unionized workforces. Work stoppages or slowdowns experienced by our customers or their suppliers could result in slowdowns or closures of assembly plants where our products are included in assembled vehicles. A material work stoppage experienced by one or more of our customers or suppliers could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results.

In addition, all production associates at our Milwaukee facility are unionized. The current contract with our Milwaukee unionized associates is effective through November 1, 2025. We also have unionized associates at our Leon, Mexico facility. The current contract with our Leon unionized associates is effective through April 8, 2026. We may encounter labor disruption and we may also encounter unionization efforts in our other plants or other types of labor conflicts, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial results, financial condition and cash flows. The current contract with our Leon unionized associates is effective through April 8, 2025. We may encounter further labor disruption and we may also encounter unionization efforts in our other plants or other types of labor conflicts, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial results, financial condition and cash flows.

Climate Change and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Matters

Natural disasters or extreme weather conditions resulting from global climate change could lead us, our customers or our suppliers to experience disruptions in operations or disruptions in the availability of key components, which could lead to a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We could also experience adverse impacts to our financial condition due to volatility in the cost or availability of capital, difficulty obtaining new business or entering into new supplier relationships, a possible loss of market share on our current product portfolio, fines and penalties or difficulty attracting and retaining a skilled workforce. We could also experience adverse impacts to our financial condition due to volatility in the cost or availability of capital, difficultly obtaining new business or entering into new supplier relationships, a possible loss of market share on our current product portfolio, fines and penalties or difficulty attracting and retaining a skilled workforce.

Further, various stakeholders, including customers, suppliers, lenders, regulators, investors and those in the workforce, are increasing their expectations for businesses to do more to combat global climate change and its impact, and to conduct their operations in an environmentally sustainable manner with appropriate oversight by senior leadership. Further, various stakeholders, including customers, suppliers, lenders, regulators and those in the workforce, are increasing their expectations of companies to do their part to combat global climate change and its impact, and to conduct their operations in an environmentally sustainable manner with appropriate oversight by senior leadership. A failure to respond to the expectations and initiatives of our stakeholders could result in damage to our reputation and relationships with various stakeholders. A failure to respond to the expectations and initiatives of our stakeholders could result in damage to our reputation and relationships with various stakeholders.

In addition to the increased stakeholder focus on climate change, customer, investor, and employee expectations in sustainability have been rapidly evolving and increasing. The enhanced stakeholder focus on sustainability requires continuous monitoring of various and evolving regulations and standards and their associated requirements. The enhanced stakeholder focus on ESG requires the continuous monitoring of various and evolving regulations and standards and their associated requirements. Our failure, or that of our supply base, to adequately meet stakeholder expectations may result in, among other things, the loss of business, diluted market valuation, an inability to attract customers or an inability to attract and retain top talent that could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our failure, or that of our supply base, to adequately meet stakeholder expectations may result in, among other things, the loss of business, diluted market valuation, an inability to attract customers or an inability to attract and retain top talent that could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Financial Risks

Financial Distress of Automotive Supply Base

Unfavorable global, economic or industry conditions could result in the financial distress of the automotive supply base. Severe distress could lead to automotive suppliers filing for bankruptcy protection or ceasing operations. Such conditions may require us to provide financial assistance or other measures to ensure uninterrupted production. These conditions could have a material adverse effect on our existing and future revenues, financial results, financial condition and cash flows. The continuation or renewal of these impacts could have a material adverse effect on our future revenues, financial results, financial condition and cash flows.

Cost Reduction

There is continuing pressure from our major customers to reduce the prices we charge for our products. This requires us to continually generate cost reductions, including reductions in the cost of components purchased from outside suppliers. This requires us to generate cost reductions, including reductions in the cost of components purchased from outside suppliers. If we are unable to generate sufficient production cost savings in the future to offset pre-programmed price reductions or additional price reduction demands, our gross margin and profitability will be adversely affected. If we are unable to generate sufficient production cost savings in the future to offset pre-programmed price reductions or additional price reduction demands, our gross margin and profitability will be adversely affected.

Currency Exchange Rate Fluctuations

We have manufacturing operations in Mexico, and as a result, a portion of our manufacturing costs are incurred in Mexican pesos. Therefore, fluctuations in the U.S. dollar/Mexican peso exchange rate may have a material effect on our profitability, cash flows and financial position and may significantly affect the comparability of our results between financial periods. Any depreciation in the value of the U.S. dollar in relation to the value of the Mexican peso will adversely affect the cost of our Mexican operations when translated into U.S. dollars.

Program Volume and Pricing Fluctuations

We incur costs and make capital expenditures for new program awards based upon certain estimates of production volumes over the anticipated program life for certain vehicles. While we attempt to establish the price of our products to account for variations in production volumes, if the actual production of certain vehicle models is significantly less than planned, our net sales and net income may be adversely affected. While we attempt to establish the price of our products for variances in production volumes, if the actual production of certain vehicle models is significantly less than planned, our net sales and net income may be adversely affected. We cannot predict our customers’ demands for the products we supply either in the aggregate or for particular reporting periods.

Existing Indebtedness and Ability to Access Capital Markets

From time to time we have relied on our existing credit facilities to provide us with adequate working capital to operate our business and fund our capital expenditures, including any expansion initiatives. Escalation of any global inflationary pressures on our operating results may impact our ability to satisfy our lending covenants in the short term. Additionally, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to refinance, extend the maturity of, or otherwise amend the terms of our existing credit facilities, or that any refinancing, extension, or amendment will be on terms favorable to us or even on commercially reasonable terms. If our lenders reduce or terminate our access to amounts under our credit facilities, we may not have sufficient capital to fund our working capital needs and/or we may need to secure additional capital or financing to fund our working capital requirements or to repay outstanding debt under our credit facilities. Moreover, new credit facilities resulting from any refinancing of our existing facilities could have a significantly higher rate of interest and greater borrowing costs than our existing facilities. We can make no assurance that we will be successful in ensuring our availability of amounts under our credit facilities or in connection with raising additional capital and that any amount, if raised, will be sufficient to meet our cash flow requirements. If we are not able to maintain our borrowing availability under our credit facilities it may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. If we are not able to maintain our borrowing availability under our credit facilities and/or raise additional capital when needed, we may be forced to sharply curtail our efforts to manufacture and promote the sale of our products or to curtail our operations.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

Intellectual Property

We own intellectual property, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, that are of importance to our business, in the aggregate. Our intellectual property plays an important role in maintaining our competitive position in the markets we serve. We may directly or through a supplied component utilize intellectual property in its products that requires a license from a third-party. While we believe that such licenses generally can be obtained by us, or supplier if a supplied component, we may not be able to obtain the necessary licenses on commercially acceptable terms or at all. Failure by us or our suppliers to obtain the right to use third-party intellectual property could preclude us from selling certain products, and developments or assertions by or against us relating to intellectual property rights, could have materially adverse effects on our business, operating results, financial condition, and cash flow.

Environmental, Safety and Other Regulations

We are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and other legal requirements related to the generation, storage, transport, treatment and disposal of materials as a result of our manufacturing and assembly operations. These laws include, among others, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (as amended), the Clean Air Act (as amended) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (as amended). We believe that our existing environmental management system is adequate for current and anticipated operations. We believe that our existing environmental management system is adequate for current and anticipated operations and we have no current plans for substantial capital expenditures in the environmental 14 area.

An environmental liability was established in 1995 for estimated costs to remediate an environmental matter impacting a portion of our Milwaukee facility. The contamination occurred in 1985 and, after initial remediation, is being monitored in accordance with federal, state and local requirements. The contamination occurred in 1985 and is being monitored in accordance with federal, state and local requirements. Failure to comply with environmental regulations could result in fines, penalties, and legal liabilities, as well as damage to our reputation. Additionally, changes in environmental laws and regulations or in the enforcement of existing laws and regulations could result in increased compliance costs in excess of our existing liability or additional operating restrictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Income Taxes

We are a U.S.-based multinational company subject to tax in multiple U.S. and foreign tax jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our global provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets or liabilities and in evaluating our tax positions on a worldwide basis. While we believe our tax positions are consistent with the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business, it is possible that these positions may be overturned by jurisdictional tax authorities, which may have a significant impact on our global provision for income taxes. We are also subject to ongoing tax audits. These audits can involve complex issues, which may require an extended period of time to resolve and can be highly subjective. Tax authorities may disagree with certain tax reporting positions taken by us and, as a result, assess additional taxes. Failure to comply with these tax laws and regulations could result in significant penalties,

fines, and interest charges. Additionally, changes in tax legislation or tax rates, including changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing tax laws, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Warranty Claims

We are exposed to warranty claims in the event that our products fail to perform as expected, and we may be required to participate in the repair costs incurred by our customers for such products. We are engaged in ongoing discussions with our customers regarding warranty information and potential claims. The results of these discussions could result in additional warranty costs in future periods. The results of these discussions could result in additional warranty charges/claims in future periods. Depending on the nature of and the volume of vehicles involved in the potential warranty claims, these costs could be material to our financial statements. As additional information becomes available, actual warranty results may differ from recorded reserves or we may need to record additional warranty provisions. As additional information becomes available, actual results may differ from recorded estimates or we may need to record additional warranty provisions. If our customers demand higher warranty-related cost recoveries, or if our products fail to perform as expected, it could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. If we are unable to conclude that all our products are free from conflict minerals originating from covered countries, this could have a negative impact on both our existing and future business, reputation and/or results of operations.

Other Legal Proceedings

We are involved in various legal and regulatory proceedings and claims that, from time to time, may be significant. These are typically claims that arise in the normal course of business, including, without limitation, commercial or contractual disputes, including disputes with our customers, suppliers or competitors, intellectual property matters, personal injury claims, environmental matters, tax matters, employment matters and antitrust matters. No assurances can be given that such proceedings and claims will not adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Other Risks

Pandemics, Epidemics and Infectious Disease Outbreaks

Pandemics or disease outbreaks have disrupted, and may continue to disrupt, the global economy. Because we and our suppliers manufacture products in facilities around the world, we may be vulnerable to an outbreak of infectious disease in the regions in which we, or our customers or suppliers, operate. Because we and our suppliers manufacture products in facilities around the world, we have been and may continue to be vulnerable to an outbreak of COVID-19 (or the resurgence of such an outbreak) or other contagious diseases in those regions as well as in the United States. The effects of infectious disease outbreaks have included and may continue to include disruptions or restrictions on our ability to travel, our ability to manufacture our affected products and our ability to ship these affected products to customers as well as disruptions that have and may continue to affect our key customers and suppliers, including those in these regions or other affected regions of the world, including in the United States, Mexico, China and neighboring countries. The effects of COVID-19 and other contagious diseases have included and may continue to include disruptions or restrictions on our ability to travel, our ability to manufacture our affected products and our ability to ship these affected products to customers as well as disruptions that have and may continue to affect our key customers and suppliers, including those in these regions or other affected regions of the world, including in the United States, Mexico, China and neighboring countries. Current and future disruption of our ability to manufacture or distribute our products or of the ability of our customers to take orders of our products or our suppliers to deliver key raw materials on a timely basis could have a material adverse effect on our sales levels, pricing for raw materials and components and our operating results. In addition, future outbreaks of contagious diseases in the human population could result in a widespread health crisis that adversely affects the economies and financial markets of many countries (including those where we operate or where our products are ultimately used), resulting in an economic downturn that could affect demand for our products and impact our operating results. In addition, the worsening of COVID-19 and future outbreaks of contagious diseases in the human population could result in a widespread health crisis that adversely affects the economies and financial markets of many countries (including those where we operate or where our products are ultimately used), resulting in an economic downturn that could affect demand for our products and impact our operating results.

Geopolitical Instability

We are currently operating in a period of geopolitical instability, which has significantly contributed to economic uncertainty, capital market disruption and supply chain interruptions in the U.S. and global markets. While the length and impact of the ongoing global conflicts are unpredictable, they could lead to further market disruptions, including supply chain interruptions and significant volatility in commodity prices, and in credit and capital markets. While the length and impact of the ongoing conflict is unpredictable, the Ukraine conflict could lead to market disruptions, including supply chain interruptions and significant volatility in commodity prices, and in credit and capital markets. The ongoing conflicts have led to sanctions and other penalties being levied by the U.S., the EU, and other countries. Additional potential sanctions and penalties have also been proposed. These global conflicts, as well as future geopolitical conflicts, could adversely affect the global economy and financial markets and lead to instability and lack of liquidity in capital markets, potentially further disrupting the supply chain for necessary components and raw materials used by us or our customers in producing product. Russian military actions and the resulting sanctions, as well as future geopolitical conflicts, could adversely affect the global economy and financial markets and lead to instability and lack of liquidity in capital markets, potentially further disrupting the supply chain for necessary components and raw materials used by us or our customers in producing 15 product. Any of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and cash flows.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.