Risk Factors Dashboard
Once a year, publicly traded companies issue a comprehensive report of their business, called a 10-K. A component mandated in the 10-K is the ‘Risk Factors’ section, where companies disclose any major potential risks that they may face. This dashboard highlights all major changes and additions in new 10K reports, allowing investors to quickly identify new potential risks and opportunities.
View risk factors by ticker
Search filings by term
Risk Factors - RSVR
-New additions in green
-Changes in blue
-Hover to see similar sentence in last filing
$RSVR Risk Factor changes from 00/05/31/23/2023 to 00/05/30/24/2024
Item 1A.“Risk Factors.”Risk Factors. ”Factors that might cause or contribute to such a discrepancy include, but are not limited to, those described in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” and actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. The Company’s securities filings can be accessed on the EDGAR section of the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Except as expressly required by applicable securities law, the Company disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.2 Table of ContentsPART IItem 1.BusinessOur CompanyReservoir Media, Inc., together with its wholly-owned subsidiaries (the “Company”, “we”, “our”, “us” and “Reservoir”), is one of the world’s leading independent music companies. We operate a music publishing business, a recorded music business, a management business and a rights management entity in the Middle East. We operate a music publishing business, a record label business, a management business and a rights management entity in the Middle East. We have two operating and reportable segments—Music Publishing and Recorded Music.We have two operating and reportable segments—Music Publishing and Recorded Music. We represent copyrights and master recordings dating back as far as the early 1900s through today, with hundreds of #1 releases worldwide. Our M&A practice is committed to both catalog acquisition and strategic expansion of the roster.Our Music Publishing business contributed approximately $96.2 million to our revenues for the year ended March 31, 2024, representing approximately 66% of our revenues. The publishing catalog includes historic compositions written and performed by greats like Joni Mitchell, The Isley Brothers, Sonny Rollins, Louis Prima, Billy Strayhorn, Hoagy Carmichael and John Denver. Our roster of active songwriters, including Ali Tamposi, Jamie Hartman, Oak Felder, and Steph Jones, has contributed to hit songs performed by the likes of Justin Bieber, Ariana Grande, BTS, Dua Lipa and more. Our roster of active songwriters, including Ali Tamposi, Jamie Hartman, Steven Franks and Oak Felder, has contributed to hit songs performed by the likes of Justin Bieber, Ariana Grande, BTS, Dua Lipa and more. Our Recorded Music business contributed approximately $42.4 million to our revenues for the year ended March 31, 2024, representing approximately 29% of our revenues. The Recorded Music business is home to Chrysalis Records, Tommy Boy Music, and Philly Groove Records, representing recordings by De La Soul, Queen Latifah, Ben Harper, The Delfonics, Sinéad O’Connor and Coolio.Our HistoryEstablished in 2007, we are an active music company, one that owns and administers rights, and our strategy has been to build our business based on strategic acquisitions and long - term ownership of rights. In 2010, we acquired TVT Music Publishing, home to high quality rap, hip - hop and pop music of the 1990s and 2000s.In 2010, we acquired TVT Music Publishing, home to high quality rap, hip-hop and pop music of the 1990s and 2000s. We then acquired Philly Groove Records, which included our first recorded music assets and additional publishing hits, including the Delfonics' "Ready or Not Here I Come (Can't Hide From Love)," which has been covered by artists ranging from The Fugees to Missy Elliot.In 2012, we acquired Reverb Music and its roster of active songwriters, diversifying holdings in the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and adding film and television music. We also acquired the FS Media collection of catalogs in 2014, adding the catalogs of Sheryl Crow, John Denver, Billy Strayhorn, Evanescence and Creed. We also acquired the FS Media collection of catalogs in 2014, thereby adding high quality American music with the catalogs of Sheryl Crow, John Denver, Billy Strayhorn, Evanescence and Creed to the repertoire. In 2015, we expanded our catalog with music for film by investing in the royalty streams of Hans Zimmer’s portfolio of film scores dating back to 1989’s Driving Miss Daisy and including The Lion King, Gladiator, the Dark Knight franchise, and others.”In 2015, the opportunity arose for us to invest in the royalty streams of Hans Zimmer’s portfolio of film scores dating back to 1989’s “Driving Miss Daisy” and including greats such as The Lion King, Gladiator, the Dark Knight franchise and others. In 2020, we created a frontline film production music investment initiative with Atlantic Screen Group. In 2022, we invested in the royalty streams of Henry Jackman’s portfolio of film scores, which included those from the Captain America, Jumanji and Kingsman franchises. Most recently in 2022, we invested in the royalty streams of Henry Jackman’s portfolio of film scores, which included films from the Captain America, Jumanji and Kingsman franchises. We acquired London-based Blue Raincoat Music Ltd and its label platform Chrysalis Records Ltd in 2019, thereby adding recorded music operations to our business, as well as the sound recordings of Sinéad O’Connor, The Specials, Generation X, The Waterboys and Go West. Our 2020 acquisitions of Hearts Bluff and Shapiro Bernstein brought titles from the likes of Elvis, Kool & the Gang, Garth Brooks and Roy Orbison, as well as titles from the turn of the century to our portfolio. Additionally, through more individual or estate acquisitions, we have added catalogs from luminaries such as Sonny Rollins, the Commodores, Louis Prima, Bob Crewe, Mannie Fresh, Alabama, Fred Rister and many others.3 Table of ContentsDuring 2021, we acquired United States (“U.S.”) based record label and music publishing company Tommy Boy Music, LLC (“Tommy Boy”), which helped launch the careers of Queen Latifah, Afrika Bambaataa, Digital Underground, Coolio, De La Soul, House of Pain and Naughty By Nature.”)based record label and music publishing company Tommy Boy Music, LLC (“Tommy Boy”), which helped launch the careers of Queen Latifah, Afrika Bambaataa, Digital Underground, Coolio, De La Soul, House of Pain and Naughty By Nature. We have focused on being a full service music company and have strategically expanded to include management services through Big Life Management and Blue Raincoat Artists in the U. In the past five years, we have focused on being a wholistic music company and have strategically expanded to include management services through Big Life Management and Blue Raincoat Artists in the U. K. In tandem with this diversification, we have concentrated on emerging markets, which are expected to be responsible for much of the future growth in the music industry. In tandem with this diversification, we have focused on emerging markets, which are expected to be responsible for much of the future growth in the music industry. To this end, we acquired a stake in PopArabia in January 2020 with a focus on signing artists, acquiring catalogs, and establishing a rights management company in the Middle East and North Africa (“MENA”) region. Through the initiatives above, we have deployed and committed approximately $659.9 million in capital through acquisitions and frontline deals over the last five years.Industry OverviewThe global music entertainment industry is experiencing significant growth. Within the larger music entertainment space, the music publishing and recorded music segments are thriving. Within the larger music entertainment space, the music publishing and recorded music industries are thriving, driven by powerful tailwinds. Streaming was the key driver for industry growth in 2023. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (“IFPI”), subscription streaming grew by 11. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (“IFPI”), ad-supported streaming revenue grew by 17% between 2021 and 2022. 2% in 2023, representing $14 billion of revenue. This growth has been driven by an increase in subscribers and usage alike, as well as price increases. This growth has been driven by an increase in subscribers and usage alike. The total number of music subscribers globally was 667 million in 2023, up from 589 million in 2022. The total number of music subscribers globally was 589 million in 2022, a 16% increase from 2021. Additionally, according to Luminate (formerly MRC Data), global on-demand audio song streams increased by approximately 22.3% year-over-year in 2023. Also in 2023, the volume of music on DSPs has continued to increase, with an average of 103,500 new ISRCs delivered each day, up 10.8% from 2022.Streaming growth in the emerging markets is also having an outsized impact on the industry and global recorded music revenues. The IFPI reports that China remained the fifth largest recorded music market and boasts the fastest rate of revenue growth for any country in the top 10 music markets. Sub-Saharan Africa, as a region, had the fastest growth of recorded music revenue growth. In MENA, streaming revenues accounted for 98.4% of total revenues, and total revenues grew by 14.4%.Beyond growth in paying subscribers, we believe recent developments suggest that streaming pricing may have room for further optimization. In 2023, Spotify increased prices in 65 countries for the individual, duo, family and student plans. For the second time in 12 months in 2023 Deezer increased prices for all new premium and family subscriptions in key territories including France, UK, Spain, Italy and the Netherlands. YouTube increased prices of its individual and family plan tiers on both YouTube Premium and YouTube Music in the United States in 2023. In 2022, Apple Music increased prices of its individual and family plans in the United States, and Amazon Music Unlimited increased the prices of both its individual and family subscription plans. Data in Luminate’s 2023 report demonstrates the increasing importance of emerging markets and non-English content, including suggesting the potential for India to overtake the U.S. as the country with the highest overall streaming volume globally. While India’s streaming volume is currently just shy of the U.S.’s, the country saw the biggest year-over-year increase in total on-demand music streams of any nation, with an increase of nearly half a trillion streams, while the U.S. volume increased by 184 billion. Furthermore, Luminate reported that the Hindi-language music market share has more than doubled from 2021 to 2023, up to nearly 8%, and also noted over 60% of both Gen Z and Millennial listener groups “listen to new music to experience new cultures and perspectives.” This data supports Reservoir’s investments in emerging markets, including in India and MENA. Platforms such as gaming, home fitness and social media have evolved in ways that integrate commercial music into their services – which are all accretive revenue sources to the music industry. Platforms such as gaming, home fitness and social media are evolving in ways that integrate premium commercial music into their services – which are all accretive revenue sources to the music industry. The evolution of car entertainment systems from physical media players to streaming connectivity has driven growth in music subscribers and digital advertising revenue for music services. The evolution of car entertainment systems from physical media players to streaming connectivity will help drive growth in music subscribers and digital advertising revenue for music services. By 2030, it’s projected that 96% of new vehicles shipped worldwide will be built with internet connectivity. By 2030, 96% of new vehicles shipped worldwide will be built with internet connectivity. The traditional music revenue sources of live music, touring and physical sales continue to see growth. This contributed to a 13.4% year-over-year growth of physical album sales in 2023 and 9.5% growth in performance rights revenues, according to the 4 Table of ContentsIFPI. In addition, synchronization revenue continued to grow 4.7% in 2023.35% in 2027. According to the IFPI, the recorded music industry experienced 10. According to the IFPI, the recorded music industry generated $26. 2% year-over-year growth overall to $28.6 billion. In addition to their growing popularity with consumers, emerging music monetization platforms are now proactively engaging with the music entertainment industry to properly compensate rightsholders for use of music.In addition to their growing popularity with consumers, these emerging music monetization platforms are now proactively engaging with the music entertainment industry to properly compensate rightsholders for use of music. For example, Reservoir has licensing agreements with platforms including TikTok, Peloton, Meta and Snap. These emerging music monetization platforms are now a permanent part of the music entertainment industry and have helped expand access to and listenership of music globally. We believe these emerging music monetization platforms are now a permanent part of the music entertainment industry and have helped expand access to and listenership of music globally. Regulatory Environment and TrendsIncreased government intervention to curb piracy and improve monetization rates for content owners helps secure the future of the industry.5 Table of ContentsPositive Regulatory TrendsIncreased government intervention to curb piracy and improve monetization rates for content owners helps secure the future of the industry. Government interventions in the U.S. and the European Union (“EU”) are expected to result in increased revenues for the music entertainment industry, at least in the near-term.Music Modernization Act (the “MMA”).Music Modernization Act (the “MMA”) In 2018, the U. In 2018, the U. In the U. S. enacted the MMA, which resulted in reforms to music licensing through the regulation of digital music services’ relationships to content owners. This includes improving the way digital music services procure mechanical licenses, requiring digital radio services, such as SiriusXM and Pandora, to make royalty payments to recording artists for recordings before 1972, and providing for direct payments of royalties owed to producers, mixers and engineers when their original works are streamed on non-interactive webcasting services. Copyright Royalty Board (the “CRB”). Copyright Royalty Board (the “CRB”) Also in 2018, the U. Also in 2018, the U.S. CRB issued updated royalty rates and terms. CRB issued an updated slate of royalty rates and terms. This ruling by the CRB included increased publishing royalty rates for musical compositions in the U.S. from 2018 through 2022. While this decision was vacated in part on appeal in August 2020, the case was remanded back to the CRB for further proceedings. In June 2023, the CRB issued its final determination, which retroactively upheld the headline royalty rates initially determined in 2018, and those rates were published in the Federal Register in August 2023. In 2018, the CRB also significantly increased the royalty rates for sound recordings in the U.S. paid by SiriusXM from 2018 through 2022, and the MMA extended the term of this increase through 2027. In 2022, songwriters and publishers won a raise in streaming headline royalty rates from 10. Earlier in 2022, songwriters and publishers won a raise in streaming headline royalty rates from 10. 5% to 15.1% over the 2018-2022 period. Also in 2022, The National Music Publishers’ Association (“NMPA”), the Nashville Songwriters Association International (“NSAI”) and the Digital Media Association (“DiMA”) announced a settlement regarding the U. In 2022, The National Music Publishers’ Association (“NMPA”), the Nashville Songwriters Association International (“NSAI”) and the Digital Media Association (“DiMA”) announced a settlement regarding the U. S. mechanical streaming rates for 2023-2027. In December 2022, the CRB published final regulations adopting those headline rates, which escalate from 15.15% of total revenue in 2023 to 15.20% in 2024 and then a half of a tenth of a percentage point increases in each of the next three years, peaking at 15.35% in 2027. This settlement will also change other key factors in U.S. mechanical streaming rates, including increases to per-subscriber minimums and Total Content Costs (“TCC”). European Union Copyright Directive. In 2019, the EU passed legislation to protect music rightsholders and recording artists. The legislation was designed to limit safe harbors from liability for copyright infringement and to ensure that rightsholders and recording artists are remunerated fairly when their music is shared online by user-uploaded content services.EU AI Act. In 2023, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU enacted The AI Act, the first-ever legal framework aimed at addressing the risks of artificial intelligence (“AI”). The AI Act aims to provide AI developers and deployers with clear requirements and obligations regarding specific uses of AI to protect intellectual property owners and rightsholders.Music PublishingMusic Publishing Industry OverviewThe music publishing industry involves the identification and development of songwriters to create, market and promote compositions, as well as licensing and acquisition of rights in musical compositions from content owners (e.Music PublishingThe music publishing industry involves the identification and development of songwriters to create, market and promote compositions, as well as licensing and acquisition of rights in musical compositions from content owners (e. g., publishers, songwriters, composers and other rightsholders). According to Music & Copyright, the music publishing industry generated $9.0 billion in revenues worldwide in 2023, representing an increase of 10.9% from 2022, and a compound average annual growth rate of 10.4% since 2018.5% since 2017. 5 Table of ContentsRoyalties & Revenue GenerationMusic publishers generally generate revenues by receiving royalties pursuant to public performance, digital, mechanical, synchronization and other licenses. In the U.S., music publishers collect and administer mechanical royalties, and statutory rates are established pursuant to the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, as amended, for the royalty rates applicable to musical compositions for sale and licensing of recordings embodying those musical compositions. In the U.S., public performance income is administered and collected by music publishers and their performing rights organizations and, in most countries outside the U.S., collection, administration and allocation of both mechanical and performance income are undertaken and regulated by governmental or quasi-governmental authorities. Throughout the world, each synchronization license is generally subject to negotiation with a prospective licensee, and music publishers pay a contractually required percentage of synchronization income to the songwriters or their heirs and to any co-publishers.Performance royalties generate revenue through live performance and digital performance of musical compositions to the general public, including via broadcast of musical compositions on television, radio and cable, live performance at a concert or other venue (e.g., arena concerts, nightclubs), broadcast of musical compositions at sporting events, restaurants or bars, and the performance of musical compositions in staged theatrical productions. Digital royalties include the licensing of recorded music in various digital formats and digital performance of musical compositions to the general public, such as streaming and download services.Mechanical royalties are generated through the sale of recorded music in various physical formats, including vinyl, CDs and DVDs.Synchronization royalties stem from the use of the musical composition in combination with visual images. This includes films or television programs, television commercials, video games and merchandising, toys or novelty items.Music publishing also generates royalties from the licensing of copyrights for use in printed sheet music.In the U., the U. S., mechanical royalties are collected directly by music publishers, from The Mechanical Licensing Collective (the “MLC”), the nonprofit organization designated by the U.S. Copyright Office to distribute mechanical royalties for streaming pursuant to the MMA, recorded music companies or via The Harry Fox Agency, a non-exclusive licensing agent affiliated with the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (“SESAC”). Copyright Office to distribute mechanical royalties for streaming and downloads pursuant to the MMA, recorded music companies or via The Harry Fox Agency, a non-exclusive licensing agent affiliated with the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (“SESAC”). Outside the U.S., mechanical royalties are collected directly by music publishers or from collecting societies. Throughout the world, publishers collect performance royalties directly or on behalf of music publishers and songwriters by performance rights organizations and collecting societies. Key performing rights organizations and collecting societies include American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (“ASCAP”), Broadcast Music Inc. Key performing rights organizations and collecting societies include:●American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (“ASCAP”), SESAC and Broadcast Music Inc. (“BMI”) and SESAC in the U. (“BMI”) in the U. S., the Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society (“MCPS”) and the Performing Right Society (“PRS”) in the U.;●the Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society (“MCPS”) and the Performing Right Society (“PRS”) in the U. K., and the Society of Composers, Authors, and Music Publishers of Canada (“SOCAN”) and the Canadian Musical Reproduction Rights Agency (“CMRRA”) in Canada.The societies pay a percentage (which is set in each country) of the performance royalties to the copyright owner(s) or administrators (i.e., the publisher(s)), referred to in the industry as the “publisher’s share,” and a percentage directly to the songwriter(s), referred to in the industry as the “writer’s share” of the composition. Typically, the percentage split is 50% to the publisher’s share and 50% to the writer’s share, but this can vary. Thus, the publisher generally retains the performance royalties corresponding to its share of the work, other than any amounts they are contractually required to pay through to their clients (other publishers or writers).Reservoir’s Music Publishing BusinessThe operations of our Music Publishing business are conducted through all our offices, as well as various subsidiaries and sub-publishers. We own or control rights to more than 150,000 compositions as of March 31, 2024, including numerous pop hits, American standards, and motion picture and theatrical compositions. Our award-winning catalog includes over 5,000 clients as of March 31, 2024 and boasts a diverse range of genres, including pop, rock, jazz, classical, country, R&B, hip-hop, rap, reggae, Latin, folk, blues, symphonic, soul, Broadway, techno, alternative and gospel. Assembled over decades, our award-winning catalog includes over 5,000 clients as of March 31, 2023 and boasts a diverse range of genres, including pop, rock, jazz, classical, country, R&B, hip-hop, rap, reggae, Latin, folk, blues, symphonic, soul, Broadway, techno, alternative and gospel. As a copyright owner and administrator of musical compositions, we promote, place, market and administer the use of our musical compositions, in addition to the creative outputs of our active songwriters. For example, we encourage recording artists to record and 6 Table of Contentsinclude our musical compositions on their recordings, offer opportunities to include our musical compositions in filmed entertainment, advertisements and digital media, and advocate for the use of our musical compositions in live stage productions. For example, we encourage recording artists to record and include our musical compositions on their recordings, offer opportunities to include our musical compositions in filmed entertainment, advertisements and digital media and advocate for the use of our musical compositions in live stage productions. In return, our Music Publishing business garners a share of the revenues generated from use of those musical compositions via the royalties outlined above. We continually add new musical compositions to our catalog and seek to acquire rights in musical compositions that will generate revenues over the long term. We acquire copyrights or portions of copyrights and administration rights from songwriters or other third-party holders of rights in musical compositions. 9 Table of ContentsWe acquire copyrights or portions of copyrights and administration rights from songwriters or other third-party holders of rights in musical compositions. Composers’ and Songwriters’ Contracts We derive our rights through contracts with composers, songwriters or their heirs and with third-party music publishers.Composers’ and Lyricists’ ContractsWe derive our rights through contracts with composers, lyricists (songwriters) or their heirs and with third-party music publishers. In some instances, those contracts grant up to either 100% or some lesser percentage of copyright ownership in musical compositions and/or administration rights. In some instances, those contracts grant either 100% or some lesser percentage of copyright ownership in musical compositions and/or administration rights. In other instances, those contracts only convey to us rights to administer musical compositions for a period of time without conveying a copyright ownership interest. Our contracts grant us exclusive use rights in the jurisdictions concerned excepting any pre-existing arrangements. Many of our contracts grant us rights on a global basis. We customarily possess administration rights for every musical composition created by the songwriter or composer during the exclusive term of the contract. We customarily possess administration rights for every musical composition created by the writer or composer during the exclusive acquisition term of the contract. While the duration of the administration rights under contracts may vary, some of our contracts grant us ownership and/or administration rights for the duration of copyright. See “—Intellectual Property - Copyrights.” U.S. copyright law permits authors or their estates to terminate an assignment or license of copyright (for the U.S. only) after a set period of time. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Data Security - We face a potential loss of catalog to the extent that our songwriters or recording artists have a right to recapture rights in their musical compositions or recordings under the U. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Data Security - Reservoir faces a potential loss of catalog to the extent that its recording artists have a right to recapture rights in their recordings under the U. S. Copyright Act.”Recorded MusicRecorded Music Industry OverviewThe recorded music industry involves the identification and development of artists to create, market and promote recordings (i.Recorded MusicThe recorded music industry involves the identification and development of artists to create, market and promote recordings (i. e., a specific recording of a composition). According to the IFPI, the recorded music industry generated $28.6 billion of revenue globally in 2023, reflecting year-over-year growth of 10.2% and a compound annual growth rate of 10.4% since 2018.5% since 2017. Royalties & Revenue GenerationAs with Music Publishing, the Recorded Music business also generates royalties but for the use of sound recordings, including digital, physical, synchronization and performance rights. Digital formats include streaming, downloads and the ongoing proliferation of novel access points like video gaming and social media. Physical formats include CDs, as well as through historical formats, such as vinyl albums. Synchronization royalties stem from the use of the musical composition in combination with visual images. In Recorded Music, public performance royalties are known as neighboring rights and are generated through broadcast of music on television, radio and cable and in public spaces such as shops, workplaces, restaurants, bars and clubs. Throughout the world, collection societies in various territories collect royalties from neighboring rights to be distributed to artists, record labels and other sound recordings rights holders.Reservoir’s Recorded Music BusinessOur Recorded Music business consists of three types of sound recording rights ownership. The first type is the active marketing, promotion, distribution, sale and licensing of newly created frontline sound recordings from current artists. The second type is the active marketing, promotion, distribution, sale and licensing of previously recorded and subsequently acquired catalog recordings. The third type is the acquisition of full or partial interests in existing record labels, sound recording catalogs or income rights to a royalty stream associated with an established recording artist or producer. Acquisition of these income participation interests is typically in connection with recordings that are owned, controlled, and marketed by the major record labels.7 Table of ContentsSales, Distribution & RoyaltiesWe generate revenues from the new releases of frontline artists and our catalog of recordings. In addition, we actively repackage music from our catalog to form new products. The distribution is handled by a network of partners that includes Proper, PIAS, Secretly, Alliance and MERLIN. All these distributors market, distribute and sell products of independent labels and artists to digital music services, retail and wholesale distributors, and various distribution centers and ventures operating internationally. All of these distributors market, distribute and sell products of independent labels and artists to digital music services, retail and wholesale distributors and various distribution centers and ventures operating internationally. Secretly and PIAS use select physical product distributors to sell our CDs and vinyl, such as Cinram in Europe and Alliance in the U.S. We also distribute select recordings and video products, including the Tommy Boy catalog, directly to digital music services through licenses we secure via our membership with MERLIN. MERLIN is one of the top global digital rights agencies in the world, negotiating licenses on behalf of many independent record labels, distributors and other music rightsholders.Through our distribution network, our music is being sold in physical retail outlets, as well as via online retailers, and distributed in digital form to an expanding universe of digital partners including streaming services.Through our distribution network, our music is being sold in physical retail outlets, as well as via online retailers, such as amazon. In connection with the digital distribution of our music, we currently partner with a broad range of digital music services, such as Amazon, Apple, Deezer, Spotify, SoundCloud, Tencent Music Entertainment Group and YouTube; radio services, such as iHeart Radio, Pandora and SiriusXM; fitness platforms, such as Apple Fitness+, Equinox, Hydrow and Peloton; and social media outlets, such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and TikTok. We are actively seeking to further develop and grow our digital business. Streaming services stream our music on an ad-supported or paid subscription basis. In addition, downloading services download our music on a per-album or per-track basis. In digital formats, per-unit costs that relate directly to physical products, such as manufacturing, inventory, and return costs do not apply. While there are some digital-specific variable costs and infrastructure investments needed to produce, market and license digital products, it is reasonable to expect that we will generally derive a higher contribution margin from streaming and downloads than from physical sales. We or our distributor will enter into license agreements with digital music services to make our music available for access in digital formats (e.We or our distributor will enter into license agreements with digital music services to make our music available for access in digital formats (e. g., streaming and downloads). We then provide digital assets for our music to these services in an accessible form. License agreements with these services establish our fees for the distribution of our music, which vary based on the service. We typically receive accounting from these services on a monthly basis, detailing the distribution activity, with payments rendered on a monthly basis. Since the emergence of digital formats, our business has become less seasonal in nature.We sell our physical recorded music products through a variety of different retail and wholesale outlets, including music specialty stores, general entertainment specialty stores, supermarkets, mass merchants and discounters, independent retailers and other traditional retailers. Although some of our retailers are specialized, many of our customers offer a substantial range of products other than music. Most of our physical sales represent purchases by a wholesale or retail distributor.Most of our physical sales represent purchases by a wholesale or retail distributor. Our sale and return policies are in accordance with wholesale and retail distributor’s requirements, applicable laws and regulations, jurisdictional and customer-specific negotiations and industry practice.Recording Artists’ ContractsOur recording artists’ contracts define the commercial relationship between our recording artists and our record labels. We negotiate recording contracts with recording artists that define our rights to use the recording artists’ music. For recordings that we acquire as part of a catalog acquisition, we do not have the ability to negotiate these recording artists’ contracts, and as a result, we step into the position of the previous catalog owner. For recordings that we acquire as part 11 Table of Contentsof a catalog acquisition, we do not have the ability to negotiate these recording artists’ contracts and, as a result, we step into the position of the previous catalog owner. In accordance with the terms of the recording artists’ contracts, the recording artists receive royalties based on sales and other uses of their music. We customarily provide up-front payments to frontline recording artists, called “advances,” which are recoupable by us from future amounts otherwise payable to such recording artists. We typically structure agreements with new frontline artists as net profit deals, whereby the artist receives a portion of the net profits after deducting all costs from the gross revenue.Our frontline recording artists’ contracts generally provide more favorable terms to the recording artist, entitling us to a set number of albums and an exclusive license to exploit those albums for a fixed period of time.Our frontline recording artists’ contracts generally provide for more favorable terms to the recording artist, entitling us to a set number of albums and an exclusive license to exploit those albums for a fixed period of time. In contrast, our catalog recording artists’ contracts typically grant us ownership for the duration of copyright. See “—Intellectual Property - Copyrights.” U.S. copyright law permits authors or their estates to terminate an assignment or license of copyright (for the U.S. only) after a set period of time. See “Risk Factors 8 Table of Contents- Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Data Security - We face a potential loss of catalog to the extent that our songwriters or recording artists have a right to recapture rights in their musical compositions or recordings under the U. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Data Security - Reservoir faces a potential loss of catalog to the extent that its recording artists have a right to recapture rights in their recordings under the U. S. Copyright.”Our Competitive Strengths Value EnhancementOur synchronization team is comprised of 11 people worldwide dedicated to marketing and licensing our music for use in films, trailers, television shows, advertisements and video games. For the year ended March 31, 2024, our synchronization income accounted for 12% of our total revenues. Digital licensing covers platforms that extend from social media, background music, home fitness, to music education and music therapy. These are all new music distribution vehicles that bring new income streams to songwriters and artists and opportunities that enhance the value of intellectual properties. These rules and regulations will require, among other things, that we establish and periodically evaluate procedures with respect to our internal control over financial reporting. Platform Positioned for Growth We have made investments in an infrastructure that we expect to leverage as we continue to scale our Music Publishing business.Platform Positioned for GrowthOur investment in infrastructure has allowed us to continue scaling our Music Publishing business with minimal impact on our operating expenses. Within our Recorded Music business, we have completed and integrated the acquisitions of Chrysalis Records and Tommy Boy Music and believe we are well-positioned to ingest additional master recordings into our platform resulting in additional operating leverage as we scale.Well-Positioned to Capitalize on the Growth of the International Music Industry Driven by Streaming In its 2023 Global Music Report, the IFPI reported that global recorded music industry revenues grew 10.2% in 2023, marking a ninth consecutive year of growth. That growth was driven by streaming revenue, which grew 10.4% overall. In particular, in 2023 paid subscription accounts rose to 667 million users, which accounted for $14 billion in revenue, an increase of 11.2% year-over-year and represented 48.9% of total global recorded music revenues.Emerging Markets Presence and Investments in Local ContentAccording to the IFPI, each of the top ten global music markets grew revenue year-over-year in 2023, with the fastest growing countries including China, Brazil, and Canada.Emerging Markets Presence and Investments in Local ContentWhile the top ten global markets grew revenue by 7% last year, markets outside of the top ten outpaced them with 18% revenue growth in 2022. Notably the fastest growing region included Sub-Saharan Africa with a 24.7% revenue increase. MENA revenues also rose by 14.4% in 2023, exceeding the global growth rate. India’s revenue also grew 15.4%, making it the 14th largest global market in 2023. We believe Reservoir’s stake in PopArabia has put us in the position to capture the growth in MENA. Since we made this investment, we have signed artists and acquired catalogs from India and the MENA region, ranging from indie tastemakers like Zeid Hamdan to regional superstars like Mohamed Ramadan and Nancy Ajram. Since we made this investment, we have already signed artists and acquired catalogs from India and the MENA region, ranging from indie tastemakers like Zeid Hamdan to regional superstars like Mohamed Ramadan. We have also established the subsidiary ESMAA, which is a United Arab Emirates-based rights management entity working with global music rights organizations, music publishers, songwriters, record labels and artists to ensure their music and rights are fully administered and licensed in the region. In its first full year of operation, Fiscal 2022, ESMAA licensed several key music users for the first time including a multimillion dollar license with EXPO 2020 in Dubai. In its first full year of operation, Fiscal 2022, ESMAA licensed several key music users for the first time, including a broad, multimillion dollar license with EXPO 2020 in Dubai. We continue to be focused on acquiring and developing music content in the emerging markets to capture the higher expected growth in such regions and diversify our catalog with both global and regional content.We continue to be focused on acquiring and developing music content in the emerging markets to capture the higher expected growth in such regions and diversify our catalog with both global and regional content. Experienced Leadership Team The team is experienced in the music entertainment business, with a firm commitment to executing on its strategy on an ongoing basis.Experienced Leadership TeamThe team is extremely experienced in the music entertainment business, with a firm commitment to executing on its strategy on an ongoing basis. Reservoir has sustained no executive management turnover since inception, creating a team that has been working together long-term, is incentivized to continue to scale the business and increase shareholder value, and takes pride in their team, their clients, and the Company. Reservoir has sustained no management turnover since inception, creating a team that has been working together long-term, is incentivized to continue to scale the business and takes pride in their team, their clients and the company. Environmental, Social, and Governance (“ESG”) EffortsWe hold ourselves accountable to maintain environmentally sound practices, limiting our impact on the environment, while simultaneously delivering on our business goals. As part of this, we consistently engage in clean energy solutions and waste-conscious 9 Table of Contentsefforts, we maintain limited physical assets and we continuously evaluate methods to reduce our environmental impact, including on the physical spaces in which we operate.Advocating for our creators is one crucial aspect of our social business. We have Board representation at leading industry non-profits across the globe, including MusiCares, Songwriters Hall of Fame, Silkroad, the NMPA, the MLC, International Confederation of Music Publishers (“ICMP”), and the Independent Music Publishers International Forum (“IMPF”), where we lead the charge on advocating for songwriter rights, artist rights and fair compensation. We have Board representation at leading industry non- profits across the globe including MusiCares, Songwriters Hall of Fame, Silkroad, the National Music Publishers Association, Mechanical Licensing Collective, International Confederation of Music Publishers (“ICMP”), and the Independent Music Publishers International Forum, where we lead the charge on advocating for songwriter rights, artist rights and fair compensation. In addition, we are committed to preserving the legacies of creators, so their music is heard for generations to come. To that end, we also develop and support several educational initiatives with leading universities, through which the students learn about our legacy artists and their catalogs, ensuring that the music lives on. These collaborations are ongoing at New York University. These collaborations are ongoing at New York University and Drexel University. Our staff also lends their time at leading global educational institutions to invest in the next generation of business leaders. Our founder and CEO Golnar Khosrowshahi lectured at Columbia Business School for the Foundations of Entrepreneurship class and spoke at Oxford University, while other staff members have lectured or taught at New York University and Syracuse University, among others. Our founder and CEO Golnar Khosrowshahi lectured at Columbia Business School for the Foundations of Entrepreneurship class, while other staff members have lectured or taught at New York University, Syracuse University and Buckinghamshire New University, among others. Reservoir has also helped support educational initiatives associated with the New York Philharmonic, such as sponsoring local students to attend a donor rehearsal. In addition, Reservoir also conducted an educational program with The Door, a non-profit that provides youth development services ranging from health services, legal assistance, GED classes, job training, supportive housing, meals and recreational activities with a focus on the arts. Reservoir has also recently begun an educational program with The Door, a non-profit that provides youth development services ranging from health services, legal assistance, GED classes, job training, supportive housing, meals, and recreational activities with a focus on the arts. Our Growth Strategies M&A Asset and company acquisitions have been our path to growth since inception.Our Growth StrategiesM&AAsset and company acquisitions have been our path to growth since inception. We plan to continue to execute on our disciplined approach to M&A strategy of acquiring high-quality copyrights and recordings, including executing transactions on an off-market basis at an attractive return and capitalizing on upside potential with our value enhancement capabilities. We plan to continue to execute on our highly disciplined and sophisticated approach to M&A strategy of acquiring high-quality copyrights and recordings, including executing complicated transactions on an off-market basis at an attractive return and capitalizing on upside potential with our value enhancement capabilities. Active Songwriter and Artist RosterWe plan to continue expanding our active songwriter and artist roster.8 Table of ContentsActive Songwriter and Artist RosterWe will continue to expand our active songwriter and artist roster. Our creative services, the existing roster and our value enhancement platform all contribute to our ability to attract clients across genres. Our creative services, the existing roster and our value enhancement platform all contribute to our ability to attract world-class talent across genres. We remain focused on unique talent that represents diversity across a variety of genres and sounds. We also partner with our clients to create new music, some of which tops the biggest music charts, helping to grow our presence in the contemporary music marketplace and achieve increased market share.Embrace Commercial Innovation with New Digital Distributors and Partners Over the past several years, we have seen licensing growth from in-home fitness platforms, with licenses issued to Peloton, Equinox and Apple Fitness+, among others.Embrace Commercial Innovation with New Digital Distributors and PartnersOver the past several years, we have seen significant licensing growth from in-home fitness platforms, with new licenses issued to Peloton, Hydrow and Apple Fitness+. We expect our licensing volume to increase and extend to other new market entrants and digital platforms across social media, music education and other categories, such as online gaming platforms. We expect our licensing volume to increase and extend to new market entrants in this area, in addition to new digital platforms across social media, non-fungible tokens (“NFTs”) and other categories, such as online gaming platforms. These licenses and the associated revenues are on balance accretive to our overall revenues, and we view being on the forefront of digital licensing as a significant growth area for us. We are equally focused on our strategy of the active issuance of licenses and the pursuit of copyright infringement.Our Songwriter and Recording Artist Value PropositionBelow is an overview of the creative and commercial services we provide to our songwriters and recording artists.Creative Partnership Our staff has experience identifying and contracting with songwriters and recording artists. We are not only searching for immediate hits.We are not only searching for immediate hits. We actively scout and sign talent with the market potential for longevity and lasting impact. We scout and sign talent with the market potential for longevity and lasting impact. To that end we offer tailored support and resources, helping to achieve commercial and critical success.Our ability to select recording artists who are likely to be successful is a key element of our frontline Recorded Music business strategy that targets recording artists who will achieve national, regional and international success. Our ability to select recording artists who are likely to be successful is a key element of our frontline Recorded Music business strategy that targets recording artists who will achieve national, regional and international success. The frontline Recorded Music 10 Table of Contentsbusiness line was established in 2019 when we acquired Chrysalis Records and relaunched it as an active frontline record label, signing and developing new talent. Our first frontline release went on to receive critical acclaim, a Mercury Award shortlist nomination and a Grammy nomination.Many of our catalog artists continue to appeal to audiences long after they cease releasing new music. We have a process for sustaining sales across our catalog releases. We have an efficient process for sustaining sales across our catalog releases. Our strategy is to maximize the value of our catalog of recorded music through innovative marketing initiatives, and we use our catalog as a source of material to curate re-releases, compilations, box sets and special package releases, which provide consumers with incremental exposure to familiar music and recording artists. Our strategy is to maximize the value of our catalog of recorded music through innovative marketing initiatives and we use our catalog as a source of material to curate re-releases, compilations, box sets and special package releases, which provide consumers with incremental exposure to familiar music and recording artists. Our longstanding relationships within the creative community also provide our creators with a wide network of collaborators, which we believe is a vital part of helping them to realize their best work.Our longstanding relationships within the creative community also provide our recording artists with a wide network of collaborators, which we believe is a vital part of helping them to realize their best work. Our creative and A&R teams are further complemented by our marketing services team, which provides high-touch, bespoke services.Marketing and PromotionWe are experienced in value enhancement with a proven record of success in marketing and promotion.Marketing and PromotionWe are experienced in value enhancement with a proven track record of success in every aspect of marketing and promotion. With direct relationships at significant digital music service and social media networks, as well as radio, press, film, television retail and platforms for music entertainment.We apply a comprehensive approach to marketing and promoting our songwriters, recording artists and their music.We apply a comprehensive and bespoke approach to marketing and promoting our recording artists and their music. For our Music Publishing business, our goal is to promote our songwriters’ interest in their music, enhance the value of those copyrights and promote their work and legacies as creators. Our goal for our Recorded Music business is to set up new frontline releases from emerging and established acts for success, while furthering the success of catalog releases and legacy artists. Our marketing team has experience across music publishing and recorded music, which allows us to execute long-term campaigns, while adapting quickly to changes in the marketplace. Our marketing team has extensive experience across music publishing and recorded music, which allows us to successfully execute long-term campaigns, while adapting quickly to changes in the marketplace. In addition, our synchronization team strives to add value to our songwriters’ and recording artists’ music by marketing and licensing it for use in films, trailers, television shows, advertisements and video games.Global Reach and Local ExpertiseOur team is distributed across our offices from Los Angeles to Abu Dhabi and operates as a global team. The small size of our team allows us to be nimble, and the geographic distribution enables us to look at music through a culturally relevant lens, as necessitated by different regions.CompetitionWe believe we are competitive in the music publishing and recorded music industries because of our reputation among creators and content owners and our value enhancement capabilities. In addition to competing against the major music companies, we also compete against the many other independent music companies. In addition to competing against the major music companies, we also compete against other independent music companies, of which there are many. To a lesser extent, we compete with the way consumers use their disposable income for media and entertainment. To a lesser extent, we compete with the way consumers use their disposable income for media and entertainment, however many of these alternatives present an opportunity for monetization for our business (e. However, many of these alternatives present an opportunity for monetization for our business (e.g., television, films and video games - all of which contain and license music)., television, motion pictures, and video games - all of which contain and license music). The music publishing industry is highly competitive and dominated by three companies. According to Music & Copyright, Sony Music Publishing, Universal Music Publishing Group and Warner Chappell Music accounted for approximately 60% of global music publishing revenues in 2023. According to Music & Copyright, Sony Music Publishing, Universal Music Publishing and Warner Chappell Music accounted for approximately 60% of the global music publishing revenues in 2022. There are many smaller participants, including individual songwriters who self-publish their work, that collectively accounted for the remaining approximately 40% of global music publishing revenues.The recorded music industry is also highly competitive and dominated by three companies. The three largest recorded music companies - Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group - account for approximately 70% of global recorded music revenues, according to public company filings and the IFPI. In 2022, the three largest recorded music companies - Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group - accounted for approximately 70% of the global recorded music revenues, according to public company filings and the IFPI. Outside of these three companies are numerous participants, including independent recorded music companies, that collectively account for approximately 30% of the global recorded music market. Outside of these three companies, the landscape is highly fragmented with numerous participants that collectively accounted for approximately 30% of the global recorded music market in 2022. 11 Table of ContentsIntellectual PropertyCopyrightsOur business is dependent on our ability to maintain rights in musical compositions and sound recordings through copyright protection.Intellectual PropertyCopyrightsOur business rests on our ability to maintain rights in musical compositions and sound recordings through copyright protection. In the U.S., copyright protection for “works made for hire” (i.e., works of employees or certain specially commissioned works) created on or after January 1, 1978 generally lasts for 95 years from first publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first. The period of copyright protection for works created on or after January 1, 1978 that are not “works made for hire” lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years. All works that were created and published or registered in the U.S. prior to January 1, 1978 generally hold copyright protection for 95 years, subject to compliance with certain statutory provisions including notice and renewal. prior to January 1, 1978 generally enjoy copyright protection for 95 years, subject to compliance with certain statutory provisions including notice and renewal. Additionally, the MMA extended federal copyright protection in the U.S. to sound recordings created prior to February 15, 1972. The duration of copyright protection for such sound recordings varies based on the year of publication, with all such sound recordings receiving copyright protection for at least 95 years, and sound recordings published between January 1, 1957 and February 15, 1972 receiving copyright protection until February 15, 2067. The term of copyright in the EU for musical compositions in all member states lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years. This is also true for the U.K.In the EU, the term of copyright for sound recordings lasts for 70 years from the date of release in respect of sound recordings that were still in copyright on November 1, 2013 and for 50 years from date of release in respect of sound recordings the copyright in which had expired by that date. The EU also harmonized the copyright term for joint musical works. In the case of a musical composition with words that is protected by copyright on or after November 1, 2013, the member states of the EU are required to calculate the life of the author plus 70 years term from the date of death of the last surviving author of the lyrics and the composer of the musical composition, provided that both contributions were specifically created for the musical composition.We are largely dependent on legislation in each jurisdiction in which we operate to protect our rights against unauthorized reproduction, distribution, public performance or rental. In all jurisdictions in which we operate, our intellectual property receives some degree of copyright protection, although the extent of effective protection varies widely. In all jurisdictions where we operate, our intellectual property receives some degree of copyright protection, although the extent of effective protection varies widely. In a number of emerging countries, the protection of copyright remains inadequate. In a number of developing countries, the protection of copyright remains inadequate. Technological changes have focused attention on the need for new legislation that will adequately protect the rights of producers. We actively lobby in favor of industry efforts to increase copyright protection and support the efforts of organizations, such as the Recording Industry Association of America, the IFPI, the NMPA, the ICMP and the World Intellectual Property Organization.TrademarksWe register our major trademarks in countries where we believe the protection of such trademarks is important for our business. We endeavor to register our major trademarks in those countries where we believe the protection of such trademarks is important for our business. Our major trademarks include the “Reservoir” name and circular “R” logo with blue stripe. We also use certain trademarks, including those of certain subsidiaries, pursuant to perpetual license agreements. We actively monitor and protect against activities that might infringe, dilute or otherwise harm our trademarks. We also hold the rights to various internet domain names, which are subject to Internet regulatory bodies and trademark and other related laws of each applicable jurisdiction. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Data Security.”Joint VenturesWe have entered into various contractual joint venture arrangements pursuant to which we or certain of our subsidiaries jointly acquire publishing, administration, recording and related rights and interests with third parties.”15 Table of ContentsJoint VenturesWe have entered into various contractual joint venture arrangements pursuant to which we or certain of our subsidiaries jointly acquire publishing, administration, songwriting, recording and related rights and interests with third parties. These contractual joint venture arrangements differ from a traditional joint venture arrangement in that we typically do not form a new standalone special purpose vehicle to enter into such arrangement or hold any such assets.12 Table of ContentsHuman Capital Resources As of March 31, 2024, we employed approximately 99 persons worldwide, including temporary and part-time employees, as well as employees that were added through acquisitions.Our Employees, Culture, Values and Human Capital Resources As of March 31, 2023, we employed approximately 92 persons worldwide, including temporary and part-time employees, as well as employees that were added through acquisitions. As of March 31, 2024, none of our employees in the U.S. were subject to a collective bargaining agreement, although certain employees in our non-domestic subsidiaries were covered by national labor agreements. Our human capital resources objectives include attracting, developing and retaining personnel, and enhancing diversity and inclusion in our workforce to foster community, collaboration and creativity among our employees, while supporting our ability to grow our business. Our human capital resources objectives include attracting, developing and retaining personnel and enhancing diversity and inclusion in our workforce to foster community, collaboration and creativity among our employees, while supporting our ability to grow our business. To facilitate these objectives, we seek to foster a diverse, inclusive and safe workplace, with opportunities for employees to develop their talents and advance their careers.Corporate InformationOur principal executive offices are located at 200 Varick Street, Suite 801A, New York, New York 10014, and our telephone number is (212) 675-0541.Website Access to Company’s Reports and Disclosure InformationOur Internet website address is https://www.reservoir-media.com, to which we regularly post copies of our press releases, public conference calls, and webcasts as well as additional information about us.Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports filed, are available free of charge through the Investors section of our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials have been electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports filed, are available free of charge through the Investors section of our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials have been electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The SEC maintains an Internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.
We include our website address in this Annual Report on Form 10-K only as an inactive textual reference. We include our web site address in this Annual Report on Form 10-K only as an inactive textual reference. Information contained in our website does not constitute a part of this report or our other filings with the SEC.Item 1A. Risk FactorsYou should carefully review and consider the following risk factors and the other information contained in this Annual Report, including the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes and matters addressed in the section titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” in evaluating an investment in our Common Stock or Warrants. In addition, past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance and historical trends may not predict results or trends in future periods. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in these risk factors, alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, in which case the trading price of our Common Stock and Warrants could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment.Risk Factors SummaryOur business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. Risks that we deem material are described below. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:Risks Related to Our Business and Operations●market competition, including, among others, competition against other music publishing companies and record companies;●our ability to successfully execute our business strategy;●our ability to identify, sign and retain songwriters and recording artists;●our international operations, which subject us to the trends and developments of other countries, as well as the fluctuations of the currency exchange rate;13 Table of Contents●the impact of a global health pandemic or any other outbreak of contagious disease or other widespread natural disaster on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations;●our ability to attract and retain key personnel;●our ability to implement, maintain, and improve effective internal controls;●risks associated with strategic acquisitions or other transactions, including, among others, business acquisitions, combinations, investments and joint ventures;●the impact of legislation that may limit or result in the unenforceability of our contracts with certain songwriters or artists;●the possibility that streaming adoption or revenues may grow less rapidly or level off in the future;●the impact of digital music services on our marketing and distribution and the possible changes in the terms of the licensing agreements with such services, including, among others, those governing royalty rates;●the increased expenses associated with being a public company;●risks associated with our substantial indebtedness;Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Data Security●our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights;●our involvement in intellectual property litigation, including, among others, any assertions or allegations of infringement or violation of intellectual property rights by third parties;●the impact of digital piracy on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations;●our ability to maintain and protect the information security relating to our customers, employees, vendors and our music;●the impact of evolving laws and regulations relating to, among others, data privacy, consumer protection and data protection, as well as the rights granted to songwriters and recording artists under the U. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:Risks Related to Our Business and Operations●market competition, including, among others, competition against other music publishing companies and record companies;16 Table of Contents●our ability to identify, sign and retain songwriters and recording artists;●the increased expenses associated with being a public company;●our international operations, which subject us to the trends and developments of other countries, as well as the fluctuations of the currency exchange rate;●the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or any other outbreak of contagious disease or other widespread natural disaster on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations;●our ability to attract and retain key personnel, as well as the ability of our management team to effectively manage our transition to a public company in accordance with SEC and Nasdaq requirements;●risks associated with strategic acquisitions or other transactions, including, among others, business acquisitions, combinations, investments and joint ventures;●the impact of digital music services on our marketing and distribution and the possible changes in the terms of the licensing agreements with such services, including, among others, those governing royalty rates;●the impact of legislation that may limit or result in the unenforceability of our contracts with certain songwriters or artists;●the possibility that streaming adoption or revenues may grow less rapidly or level off in the future;●our ability to implement, maintain, and improve effective internal controls;Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Data Security●our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights;●our involvement in intellectual property litigation, including, among others, any assertions or allegations of infringement or violation of intellectual property rights by third parties;●the impact of digital piracy on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations;●our ability to maintain and protect the information security relating to our customers, employees, vendors and our music;●the impact of evolving laws and regulations relating to, among others, data privacy, consumer protection and data protection, as well as the rights granted to songwriters and recording artists under the U. S. Copyright Act;Risks Related to Our Common Stock and Warrants●the volatility of our stock prices, which could subject us to securities class action litigation;●the potential exercise and/or redemption of our Warrants; and●negative reports published by securities or industry analysts, or the lack of research or reports published by such analysts;●future sales by our stockholders. Copyright Act;Risks Related to Our Common Stock and Warrants●the volatility of our stock prices, which could subject us to securities class action litigation;●negative reports published by securities or industry analysts, or the lack of research or reports published by such analysts;●the potential exercise and/or redemption of our Warrants; and●future sales by our stockholders. 14 Table of ContentsRisks Related to Our Business and OperationsWe may be unable to compete successfully in the highly competitive markets in which we operate and may suffer reduced profits as a result.The industries in which we operate are highly competitive, have experienced ongoing consolidation among major music entertainment companies and are driven by consumer preferences that are rapidly changing. Furthermore, they require substantial human and capital resources. We compete with other music publishing companies and recorded music companies to identify and sign new songwriters and recording artists with the potential to achieve long-term success and to enter into and renew agreements with established songwriters and recording artists. In addition, our competitors may, from time to time, increase the amounts they spend to discover, or to market and promote, songwriters and recording artists or reduce the prices of their music in an effort to expand market share. We may lose business if we are unable to sign successful songwriters or recording artists or to match the prices of the music offered by our competitors. Our music publishing business (the “Music Publishing business”) competes not only with other music publishing companies, but also with songwriters who publish their own works and companies in other industries that may choose to sign direct deals with songwriters or music publishing companies. Our recorded music business (the “Recorded Music business”) competes not only with other recorded music companies, but also with recording artists who may choose to distribute their own works (which has become more practicable as music is distributed online rather than physically) and companies in other industries that may choose to sign direct deals with recording artists or recorded music companies. Our Music Publishing business and Recorded Music business is to a significant extent dependent on technological developments, including access to and selection and viability of innovative technologies, and is subject to potential pressure from competitors as a result of their technological developments. For example, our Recorded Music business may be further adversely affected by technological developments that facilitate the piracy of music, such as Internet peer-to-peer file sharing, by an inability to enforce our intellectual property rights in digital environments and by a failure to further develop successful business models applicable to a digital environment. The Recorded Music business also faces competition from other forms of entertainment and leisure activities, such as cable and satellite television, motion pictures and video games in physical and digital formats.We may not be able to successfully execute our business strategy.We expect to increase revenues and cash flow through a business strategy which requires us, among others, to continue to maximize the value of our music, to significantly reduce costs to maximize flexibility and adjust to new realities of the market, to continue to act to contain digital piracy and to diversify our revenue streams into growing segments of the music entertainment business by continuing to capitalize on digital distribution and emerging technologies.Each of these initiatives requires sustained management focus, organization and coordination over significant periods of time.19 Table of ContentsEach of these initiatives requires sustained management focus, organization and coordination over significant periods of time. Each of these initiatives also requires success in building relationships with third parties and in anticipating and keeping up with technological developments and consumer preferences and may involve the implementation of new business models or distribution platforms. The results of our strategy and the success of our implementation of this strategy will not be known for some time in the future. If we are unable to implement our strategy successfully or properly react to changes in market conditions, our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.Our prospects and financial results may be adversely affected if we fail to identify, sign and retain songwriters and recording artistsWe are dependent on signing and retaining songwriters who will write the hit songs of today and the classics of tomorrow. We are also dependent on identifying, signing and retaining recording artists with long-term potential, whose debut music is well received on release, whose subsequent music is anticipated by consumers and whose music will continue to generate sales as part of our catalog for years to come. The competition among music publishing and record companies for such talent is intense. Competition among music publishing and record companies to sell and otherwise market and promote music is also intense. Our competitive position is dependent on our continuing ability to attract and develop songwriters and recording artists whose work can achieve a high degree of public acceptance and who can timely deliver their music to us. Our prospects and financial results may be adversely affected if we are unable to identify, sign and retain such songwriters and recording artists under terms that are economically attractive to us. Our prospects and financial results are generally affected by the appeal of our music publishing and recorded music catalogs to consumers.15 Table of ContentsOur business operations in some foreign countries subject us to trends, developments or other events which may adversely affect our results of operations.Our business operations in some foreign countries subject us to trends, developments or other events which may adversely affect our results of operations. We are a global company with strong local presences, which have become increasingly important as the popularity of music originating from a country’s own language and culture has increased in recent years. Our mix of national and international songwriters and recording artists is designed to provide a significant degree of diversification. However, our music does not necessarily enjoy universal appeal and, if it does not continue to appeal in various countries, our results of operations could be adversely impacted. As a result, our results of operations can be affected not only by general industry trends, but also by trends, developments or other events in individual countries, including:●limited legal protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights;●restrictions on the repatriation of capital;●fluctuations in interest rates and foreign exchange rates;●differences and unexpected changes in regulatory environment, including environmental, health and safety, local planning, zoning and labor laws, rules and regulations;●varying tax regimes which could adversely affect our results of operations or cash flows, including regulations relating to transfer pricing and withholding taxes on remittances and other payments by subsidiaries and joint ventures;●exposure to different legal standards and enforcement mechanisms and the associated cost of compliance;●difficulties in attracting and retaining qualified management and employees or rationalizing our workforce;●tariffs, duties, export controls and other trade barriers;●global economic and retail environment;●longer accounts receivable settlement cycles and difficulties in collecting accounts receivable;●recessionary trends, inflation and instability of the financial markets; and ●armed conflicts or political instability. As a result, our results of operations can be affected not only by general industry trends, but also by trends, developments or other events in individual countries, including:●limited legal protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights;●restrictions on the repatriation of capital;●fluctuations in interest and foreign exchange rates;18 Table of Contents●differences and unexpected changes in regulatory environment, including environmental, health and safety, local planning, zoning and labor laws, rules and regulations;●varying tax regimes which could adversely affect our results of operations or cash flows, including regulations relating to transfer pricing and withholding taxes on remittances and other payments by subsidiaries and joint ventures;●exposure to different legal standards and enforcement mechanisms and the associated cost of compliance;●difficulties in attracting and retaining qualified management and employees or rationalizing our workforce;●tariffs, duties, export controls and other trade barriers;●global economic and retail environment;●longer accounts receivable settlement cycles and difficulties in collecting accounts receivable;●recessionary trends, inflation and instability of the financial markets;●higher interest rates; and●political instability. We may not be able to insure or hedge against these risks, and we may not be able to ensure compliance with all of the applicable regulations without incurring additional costs, or at all. For example, our results of operations could be impacted by fluctuations of the U.S. dollar against most currencies. See “—Unfavorable currency exchange rate fluctuations could adversely affect our results of operations.” Furthermore, financing may not be available in countries with less than investment-grade sovereign credit ratings. As a result, it may be difficult to create or maintain profitable operations in various countries.In addition, our results can be affected by trends, developments and other events in individual countries. There can be no assurance that in the future country-specific trends, developments or other events will not have a significant adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. Unfavorable conditions can depress revenues in any given market and prompt promotional or other actions that adversely affect our margins.Unfavorable currency exchange rate fluctuations could adversely affect our results of operations.As we continue to expand our international operations, we become increasingly exposed to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates. The reporting currency for our consolidated financial statements is the U.S. dollar. We have substantial assets, liabilities, revenues and costs denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars, principally the British pound sterling and euro. To prepare our 16 Table of Contentsconsolidated financial statements, we must translate those assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses into U. To prepare our consolidated financial statements, we must translate those assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses into U. S. dollars at then-applicable exchange rates. Consequently, increases and decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar versus other currencies will affect the amount of these items in our consolidated financial statements, even if their value has not changed in their original currency. These translations could result in significant changes to our results of operations from period to period. From time to time, we may enter into foreign exchange contracts to hedge the risk of unfavorable foreign currency exchange rate movements. In addition, from time to time, we may enter into foreign exchange contracts to hedge the risk of unfavorable foreign currency exchange rate movements. Any future outbreak of contagious disease or other widespread natural disaster could materially and adversely affect our business.The COVID-19 pandemic had an adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.The COVID-19 pandemic has had an adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. The COVID-19 pandemic suspended live concert tours, adversely impacting our concert promotion business and its sale of tour merchandise and made it more difficult for artists to engage in marketing efforts around the release of their new recordings. It delayed the release of new recordings by impeding the types of collaboration among artists, songwriters, producers, musicians, engineers and studios which are necessary for the delivery of those recordings. The cessation or significant delay in the production of motion pictures and television programs negatively affected synchronization revenue in our Music Publishing business and licensing revenue in our Recorded Music business.It has been widely reported that advertisers reduced their advertising spend as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. This resulted in a corresponding decline in licensing revenue and, to a lesser extent, ad-supported digital revenue in our Music Publishing business and synchronization, performance and ad-supported digital revenue in our Recorded Music business. While physical revenue streams — mechanical revenue in our Music Publishing business and physical revenue in our Recorded Music business — have declined significantly over the last decade, the virus outbreak has resulted in declines in our physical revenue streams related to disruptions in manufacturing and physical supply chains, the mandated closure of physical retailers, the requirement that people stay in their homes and our decisions to delay the release of new recordings from artists with a more physical consumer base.Any future pandemic or outbreak of contagious disease like the COVID-19 pandemic or other widespread natural disaster could impact our business in a similar way and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, any future pandemic or outbreak of contagious disease like the COVID-19 pandemic or other widespread natural disaster could impact our business in a similar way and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Our ability to operate effectively could be impaired if we fail to attract and retain our executive officers and management team.We compete with other music entertainment companies and other companies for top talent. Our ability to successfully implement our business strategy and to operate profitably depends, in part, on our ability to retain key personnel. If key personnel become unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. We often cannot anticipate such departures and may not be able to promptly replace key leadership personnel. Our key personnel are generally employed on an “at-will” basis. Our success also depends, in part, on our continuing ability to identify, hire, attract, train and develop other highly qualified personnel.Competition for these employees can be intense, and our ability to hire, attract and retain them depends on our ability to provide competitive compensation. We may not be able to attract, develop or retain qualified and diverse personnel in the future, and our failure to do so could adversely affect our business, including the execution of our business strategy. Any failure by our management team to perform as expected may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.Failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could impair our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or to comply with applicable regulations and have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.Our management determined that material weaknesses existed in the internal controls over financial reporting while preparing our consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2024 and 2023. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses identified relate to an ineffective control environment due to improper segregation of duties and a lack of qualified personnel to address certain complex accounting transactions and an ineffective risk assessment process resulting in improper design of control activities to address certain risks of material misstatement. We have instituted plans to remediate these issues and continue to take remediation steps, including hiring additional personnel and implementing new processes and controls in connection with financial reporting. Although we believe the hiring of additional accounting resources and implementation of processes and controls to better identify and manage segregation of 17 Table of Contentsduties will remediate the weakness with respect to insufficient personnel, there can be no assurance that the material weaknesses will be remediated on a timely basis or at all, or that additional material weaknesses will not be identified in the future. Although we believe the hiring of additional accounting resources and implementation of processes and controls to better identify and manage segregation of duties will remediate the weakness with respect to insufficient personnel, there can be no assurance that the material weaknesses will be remediated on a timely basis or at all, or that additional material weaknesses will not be identified in the future. If we are unable to remediate the material weaknesses, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately and to prepare consolidated financial statements within the time periods specified by the rules and regulations of the SEC could be adversely affected, which, in turn, may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting until after we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended (the “JOBS Act”). At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our internal controls over financial reporting are documented, designed or operating. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could also adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and the independent registered public accounting firm’s annual attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting that will eventually be required to include in our periodic reports that are filed with the SEC.Matters impacting our internal controls over financial reporting may cause us to be unable to report our consolidated financial information on a timely basis and thereby subject us to adverse regulatory consequences, including sanctions by the SEC or violations of applicable Nasdaq listing rules, which may result in a breach of the covenants under our $450 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Senior Credit Facility”) or future financing arrangements. As a result, matters impacting our internal controls over financial reporting may cause us to be unable to report our consolidated financial information on a timely basis and thereby subject us to adverse regulatory consequences, including sanctions by the SEC or violations of applicable Nasdaq listing rules, which may result in a breach of the covenants under our $450 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Senior Credit Facility”) or future financing arrangements. There also could be a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence and the reliability of our consolidated financial statements. Confidence in the reliability of our consolidated financial statements could also suffer if we or our independent registered public accounting firm continue to report a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting. This could materially adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations and lead to a decline in the market price of our Common Stock and Warrants.A significant portion of our revenues are subject to rate regulation either by government entities or by local third-party collecting societies throughout the world and rates on other income streams may be set by governmental proceedings, which may limit our profitability.21 Table of ContentsA significant portion of our revenues are subject to rate regulation either by government entities or by local third-party collecting societies throughout the world and rates on other income streams may be set by governmental proceedings, which may limit our profitability. Mechanical royalties and performance royalties are two of the main sources of income to our Music Publishing business and mechanical royalties are a significant expense to our Recorded Music business. In the U.S., mechanical royalty rates are set every five years pursuant to an administrative process under the U.S. Copyright Act, unless rates are determined through industry negotiations, and performance royalty rates are determined by negotiations with performing rights societies, the largest of which, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (the “ASCAP”) and Broadcast Music, Inc. (the “BMI”), are subject to a consent decree rate-setting process if negotiations are unsuccessful. Outside the U.S., mechanical and performance royalty rates are typically negotiated on an industry-wide basis. In most territories outside the U.S., mechanical royalties are based on a percentage of wholesale prices for physical product and based on a percentage of consumer prices for digital formats. The mechanical and performance royalty rates set pursuant to such processes may adversely affect us by limiting our ability to increase the profitability of our Music Publishing business. If the mechanical and performance royalty rates are set too high, it may also adversely affect us by limiting our ability to increase the profitability of our Recorded Music business. In addition, the rates that our Recorded Music business receives in the U.S. for webcasting and satellite radio are set every five years by an administrative process under the U.S. Copyright Act unless rates are determined through industry negotiations. It is important as revenues continue to shift from physical to diversified distribution channels that we receive fair value for all the uses of our intellectual property as our business model now depends upon multiple revenue streams from multiple sources. The rates set for our Music Publishing and Recorded Music income sources through collecting societies or legally prescribed rate-setting processes could have a material adverse impact on our business prospects.We may not have full control and ability to direct the operations we conduct through joint ventures.We currently have interests in a number of joint ventures and may in the future enter into further joint ventures as a means of conducting our business. In addition, we structure certain of our relationships with songwriters and recording artists as joint ventures. We may not be able to fully control the operations and the assets of our joint ventures, and we may not be able to make major decisions or may not be able to take timely actions with respect to our joint ventures unless our joint venture partners agree.18 Table of ContentsAs part of our growth strategy, we intend to acquire, combine with or invest in other businesses and will face risks inherent in such transactions.As part of our growth strategy, we intend to acquire, combine with or invest in other businesses and will face risks inherent in such transactions. We have in the past engaged, and will continue, from time to time in the future, to engage, in opportunistic strategic acquisitions or other transactions, which could involve, in addition to acquisitions, combinations or dispositions of businesses or assets, or strategic alliances or joint ventures with companies engaged in music entertainment, entertainment or other businesses. Any such combination could be material, be difficult to implement, disrupt our business or change our business profile, focus or strategy significantly. In addition, to the extent we seek to grow our business through acquisitions, we may not be able to successfully identify attractive acquisition opportunities or consummate any such acquisitions if we cannot reach an agreement on commercially favorable terms, if we lack sufficient resources to finance the transaction on our own and cannot obtain financing at a reasonable cost or if regulatory authorities prevent such transaction from being consummated. Furthermore, competition for acquisitions in the markets in which we operate has increased during recent years, and may continue to increase in the future, which may result in an increase in the costs of acquisitions or may cause us to refrain from making certain acquisitions. We may not be able to complete future acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all.If we do complete future acquisitions, there can be no assurance that they will ultimately strengthen our competitive position or that they will be viewed positively by customers, financial markets or investors. Furthermore, future acquisitions could pose numerous additional risks to our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations, including:●potential disruption of our ongoing business and distraction of management;●potential loss of songwriters or recording artists from our rosters;●difficulty integrating the acquired businesses or segregating assets to be disposed of;●exposure to unknown and/or contingent or other liabilities, including litigation arising in connection with the acquisition, disposition and/or against any businesses we may acquire;●reputational or other damages to our business as a result of a failure to consummate such a transaction for, among other reasons, failure to gain antitrust approval;●changing our business profile in ways that could have unintended consequences and challenges in achieving strategic objectives, cost savings and other anticipated benefits;●difficulty in maintaining controls, procedures and policies during the transition and integration;●challenges in integrating the new workforce and the potential loss of key employees, particularly those of the acquired business; and●use of substantial portions of our available cash or the incurrence of debt to consummate the acquisition. Furthermore, future acquisitions could pose numerous additional risks to our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations, including:●potential disruption of our ongoing business and distraction of management;●potential loss of songwriters or recording artists from our rosters;22 Table of Contents●difficulty integrating the acquired businesses or segregating assets to be disposed of;●exposure to unknown and/or contingent or other liabilities, including litigation arising in connection with the acquisition, disposition and/or against any businesses we may acquire;●reputational or other damages to our business as a result of a failure to consummate such a transaction for, among other reasons, failure to gain antitrust approval;●changing our business profile in ways that could have unintended consequences and challenges in achieving strategic objectives, cost savings and other anticipated benefits;●difficulty in maintaining controls, procedures and policies during the transition and integration;●challenges in integrating the new workforce and the potential loss of key employees, particularly those of the acquired business; and●use of substantial portions of our available cash or the incurrence of debt to consummate the acquisition. If we enter into significant transactions in the future, related accounting charges may affect our financial condition and results of operations, particularly in the case of any acquisitions. In addition, the financing of any significant acquisition may result in changes to our capital structure, including the incurrence of additional indebtedness, which may be substantial. Conversely, any material disposition could reduce our indebtedness or require the amendment or refinancing of our outstanding indebtedness or a portion thereof. We may not be successful in addressing these risks or any other problems encountered in connection with any strategic or transformative transactions. There can be no assurance that if we make any future acquisitions, investments, strategic alliances or joint ventures or enter into any business combination, that they will be completed in a timely manner, or at all, that they will be structured or financed in a way that will enhance our creditworthiness or that they will meet our strategic objectives or otherwise be successful.We may also be unsuccessful in implementing appropriate operational, financial and management systems and controls to achieve the benefits expected to result from these transactions. Failure to effectively manage any of these transactions could result in material 19 Table of Contentsincreases in costs or reductions in expected revenues, or both. Failure to effectively manage any of these transactions could result in material increases in costs or reductions in expected revenues, or both. In addition, if any new business in which we invest or which we attempt to develop does not progress as planned, we may not recover the funds and resources we have expended and this could have a negative impact on our businesses or us and our subsidiaries as a whole.Governments could enact new legislation or could make regulatory determinations that affect the terms of our contracts with songwriters and recording artists.Some songwriter and recording artist groups, particularly in Europe, are urging governments to intervene in the music streaming business in ways that could affect the terms agreed in our contracts with them. Governments, including states in the United States, have enacted or considered enacting legislation limiting the duration that an individual can be bound under a “personal services” contract, which could impair our ability to retain the services of key artists and songwriters. Government intervention in the music streaming business could have an adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.We are aware of a number of judicial decisions and legislative proposals that could bring about major reforms in worker classification. Although we believe that the songwriter and recording artist with which we partner are properly characterized as independent contractors, tax or other regulatory authorities may in the future challenge our characterization of these relationships.Although we believe that the songwriter and recording artist with which we partner are properly characterized as independent contractors, tax or other regulatory authorities may in the future challenge our characterization of these relationships. If such regulatory authorities or state, federal or foreign courts were to determine that our songwriter and recording artist are employees, and not independent contractors, we would be required to withhold income taxes, to withhold and pay Social Security, Medicare and similar taxes and to pay unemployment and other related payroll taxes. We would also be liable for unpaid past taxes and subject to penalties. As a result, any determination that our songwriter and recording artist are our employees could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.If streaming adoption or revenues grow less rapidly or level off, our prospects, business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. Streaming revenues are important because they have offset declines in downloads and physical sales and represent a growing area of our Music Publishing business and Recorded Music business.Streaming revenues are important because they have offset declines in downloads and physical sales and represent a growing area of our Music Publishing business and Recorded Music business. There can be no assurance that this growth pattern will persist or that digital revenues will continue to grow at a rate sufficient to offset and exceed declines in downloads and physical sales. If growth in streaming revenues levels off or fails to grow as quickly as it has over the past several years, our Music Publishing business and Recorded Music business may experience reduced levels of revenues and operating income.We are substantially dependent on a limited number of digital music services for the online distribution and marketing of our music, and they are able to significantly influence the pricing structure for online music stores and may not correctly calculate royalties under license agreements.We derive an increasing portion of our revenues from the licensing of music through digital distribution channels. We are currently dependent on a small number of leading digital music services. We have limited ability to increase our wholesale prices to digital music services as a small number of digital music services control much of the legitimate digital music business. If these services were to adopt a lower pricing model or if there were structural changes to other pricing models, we could receive substantially less for our music, which could cause a material reduction in our revenues, unless offset by a corresponding increase in the number of transactions. We currently enter into short-term license agreements with many digital music services and provide our music on an at-will basis to others. There can be no assurance that we will be able to renew or enter into new license agreements with any digital music service. The terms of these license agreements, including the royalty rates that we receive pursuant to them, may change as a result of changes in our bargaining power, changes in the industry, changes in the law, or for other reasons. Decreases in royalty rates, rates of revenue sharing or changes to other terms of these license agreements may materially impact our business, operating results and financial condition. Digital music services generally accept and make available all of the music that we deliver to them. However, if digital music services in the future decide to limit the types or amount of music they will accept from music entertainment companies like us, our revenues could be significantly reduced. See “Description of Our Business—Recorded Music—Sales and Digital Distribution.”We are also substantially dependent on a limited number of digital music services for the marketing of our music. A significant proportion of the music streamed on digital music services is from playlists curated by those services or generated from those services’ algorithms. If these services were to fail to include our music on playlists, change the position of our music on playlists or give us less marketing space, it could adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.20 Table of ContentsUnder our license agreements and relevant statutes, we receive royalties from digital music services in exchange for the rights to stream or otherwise offer our music. The determination of the amount and timing of such payments is complex and subject to a number of variables, including the revenue generated, the type of music offered and the country in which it is sold, identification of the appropriate licensor, and the service tier on which music is made available. As a result, we may not be paid appropriately for our music. Failure to be accurately paid our royalties may adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.Because our success depends substantially on our ability to maintain a professional reputation, adverse publicity concerning us or our songwriters, artists or key personnel could adversely affect our business.24 Table of ContentsBecause our success depends substantially on our ability to maintain a professional reputation, adverse publicity concerning us or our songwriters, artists or key personnel could adversely affect our business. Our professional reputation is essential to our continued success and any decrease in the quality of our reputation could impair our ability to, among others, recruit and retain qualified and experienced key personnel, retain or attract songwriters and artists and/or enter into licensing or other contractual arrangements. Our overall reputation may be negatively impacted by a number of factors, including negative publicity concerning us or our artists, songwriters or key personnel. Any adverse publicity relating to us or such individuals or entities that we employ or represent, including from reported or actual incidents or allegations of illegal or improper conduct, such as harassment, discrimination or other misconduct, could result in significant media attention, even if not directly relating to or involving us, and could have a negative impact on our professional reputation. This could result in termination of licensing or other contractual relationships or impact our ability to attract and retain songwriters, artists or key personnel, all of which could adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.The obligations associated with being a public company involve significant expenses and require significant resources and management attention, which may divert from our business operations.As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business, financial condition and results of operations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting. As a result, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. As a result, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not previously incur. Our management team and many of our other employees need to devote substantial time to compliance and other requirements of being a public company.In addition, the need to maintain the corporate infrastructure demanded of a public company may also divert management’s attention from implementing our business strategy, which could prevent us from improving our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.In addition, the need to establish the corporate infrastructure demanded of a public company may also divert management’s attention from implementing our business strategy, which could prevent us from improving our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. We have made, and will continue to make, changes to our internal control over financial reporting, including information technology controls, and procedures for financial reporting and accounting systems to meet our reporting obligations as a public company. However, the measures that we take may not be sufficient to satisfy our obligations as a public company. If we do not continue to develop and implement the right processes and tools to manage our changing enterprise and maintain our culture, our ability to compete successfully and achieve our business objectives could be impaired, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. In addition, we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur to comply with these requirements. We anticipate that these costs will continue to increase our administration expenses. We anticipate that these costs will continue to increase our general and administrative expenses. Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.We are borrowers under the Senior Credit Facility, which has a revolving credit commitment to $450 million and is scheduled to mature in December 2027.Our substantial indebtedness could:●require us to dedicate a substantial portion of cash flow from operations to payments in respect of our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of cash flow to fund working capital, potential acquisition opportunities and other general corporate purposes;●increase the amount of interest that we have to pay, because most of our borrowings are at variable rates of interest, which will result in higher interest payments if interest rates increase and, if and when we are required to refinance any of our indebtedness, an increase in interest rates would also result in higher interest costs;21 Table of Contents●increase our vulnerability to adverse general economic or industry conditions;●require refinancing, which we may not be able to do on reasonable terms;●limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, competition and/or changes in our business or the industry in which we operate;●limit our ability to borrow additional funds;●restrict us from making strategic acquisitions or necessary divestitures or otherwise exploiting business opportunities; and●place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt and/or more financial resources.Our substantial indebtedness could:●require us to dedicate a substantial portion of cash flow from operations to payments in respect of our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of cash flow to fund working capital, potential acquisition opportunities and other general corporate purposes;●increase the amount of interest that we have to pay, because most of our borrowings are at variable rates of interest, which will result in higher interest payments if interest rates increase and, if and when we are required to refinance any of our indebtedness, an increase in interest rates would also result in higher interest costs;●increase our vulnerability to adverse general economic or industry conditions;●require refinancing, which we may not be able to do on reasonable terms;●limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, competition and/or changes in our business or the industry in which we operate;●limit our ability to borrow additional funds;●restrict us from making strategic acquisitions or necessary divestitures or otherwise exploiting business opportunities; and●place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt and/or more financial resources. In addition, despite our anticipated levels of indebtedness, we may be able to incur substantially more indebtedness under the Senior Credit Facility, which may increase the risks created by our indebtedness and could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.Our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our debt obligations will depend on our future operating performance and on economic, financial, competitive, legislative and other factors and any legal and regulatory restrictions on the payment of distributions and dividends to which we and our subsidiaries may be subject. Many of these factors may be beyond our control. There can be no assurance that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations, that currently anticipated operating improvements will be realized or that future borrowings will be available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness or to fund our other needs. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to service our indebtedness, we may be forced to reduce or delay acquisitions, sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to service our 26 Table of Contentsindebtedness, we may be forced to reduce or delay acquisitions, sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. Our ability to restructure or refinance our indebtedness will depend on the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing of our indebtedness could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. In addition, the terms of the Senior Credit Facility or any future debt agreements may restrict us from adopting some of these alternatives. In the absence of such operating results and resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions for fair market value or at all. Furthermore, any proceeds that we could realize from any such dispositions may not be adequate to meet our debt service obligations then due. Our inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our debt service or other obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all, could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.22 Table of ContentsProvisions in the Charter and Delaware law may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.Provisions in the Charter and Delaware law may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers. The Charter requires that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery (the “Chancery Court”) of the State of Delaware (or, in the event that the Chancery Court does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action, suit or proceeding brought on behalf of us, (ii) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or stockholders to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, the Charter or the Bylaws, or (iv) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. In addition, subject to the provisions of the preceding sentence, the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. If any action the subject matter of which is within the scope of the first sentence of this paragraph is filed in a court other than the courts in the State of Delaware (a “foreign action”) in the name of any stockholder, such stockholder will be deemed to have consented to (x) the personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts in the State of Delaware in connection with any action brought in any such court to enforce the provisions of the first sentence of this paragraph, and (y) having service of process made upon such stockholder in any such action by service upon such stockholder’s counsel in the foreign action as agent for such stockholder. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the forum provisions in the Charter. This forum selection clause may discourage claims or limit stockholders’ ability to submit claims in a judicial forum that they find favorable and may result in additional costs for a stockholder seeking to bring a claim. While we believe the risk of a court declining to enforce this forum selection clause is low, if a court were to determine this forum selection clause to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs in conjunction with our efforts to resolve the dispute in an alternative jurisdiction, which could have a negative impact on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations and result in a diversion of the time and resources of our management and board of directors.Anti-takeover provisions contained in the Charter and the Bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.The Charter and the Bylaws contain provisions that may discourage unsolicited takeover proposals that stockholders may consider to be in their best interests. We are also subject to anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law, which could delay or prevent a change of control. Together these provisions may make more difficult the removal of management and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our Common Stock and Warrants.Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Data SecurityFailure to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could substantially harm our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Data SecurityFailure to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could substantially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. The success of our business depends on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property rights. The measures that we take to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights, including, if necessary, litigation or proceedings before governmental authorities and administrative bodies, may be ineffective, expensive and time-consuming and, despite such measures, third parties may be able to obtain and use our intellectual property rights without our permission. Additionally, changes in law may be implemented, or changes in interpretation of such laws may occur, that may affect our ability to obtain, maintain, protect or enforce our intellectual property rights. Additionally, changes in law may be implemented, or changes in interpretation of such laws may occur, that may affect our 27 Table of Contentsability to obtain, maintain, protect or enforce our intellectual property rights. Failure to obtain, maintain, protect or enforce our intellectual property rights could harm our brand or brand recognition and adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to obtain, maintain, protect or enforce our intellectual property rights could harm our brand or brand recognition and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation. We also in-license certain major trademarks for certain wholly-owned subsidiaries from third parties pursuant to perpetual, royalty-free license agreements that may be terminated by the licensor under certain circumstances, including our material breach of the terms of such license agreements. Upon any such termination, we may be required to either negotiate a new or reinstated agreement with less favorable terms or otherwise lose our rights to use the licensed trademarks.23 Table of ContentsOur involvement in intellectual property litigation could adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.Our involvement in intellectual property litigation could adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. Our business is highly dependent upon intellectual property, an area that has encountered increased litigation in recent years. If we are alleged to infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of a third party, any litigation to defend the claim could be costly and would divert the time and resources of management, regardless of the merits of the claim and whether the claim is settled out of court or determined in our favor. There can be no assurance that we would prevail in any such litigation. If we were to lose a litigation relating to intellectual property, we could be forced to pay monetary damages and to cease using certain intellectual property or technologies. Any of the foregoing may adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.Assertions or allegations, even if not true, that we have infringed or violated intellectual property rights could harm our reputation and business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.Third parties, including artists, copyright owners and other online music platforms, have asserted, and may in the future assert, that we have infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated their copyright or other intellectual property rights. As we face increasing competition globally, the possibility of intellectual property rights claims against us grows.We also sublicense some of our licensed music content to other platforms. Our agreements with such third-party platforms typically require them to comply with the terms of the license and applicable copyright laws and regulations. However, there is no guarantee that the third-party platforms to which we sublicense our content will comply with the terms of their license arrangements or all applicable copyright laws and regulations. In the event of any breach or violation by such platforms, we may be held liable to the copyright owners for damages and be subject to legal proceedings as a result, in which case our reputation and business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.In addition, music, internet, technology and media companies are frequently subject to litigation based on allegations of infringement, misappropriation, or other violations of intellectual property rights. Other companies in these industries may have larger intellectual property portfolios than we do, which could make us a target for litigation as we may not be able to assert counterclaims against parties that sue us for intellectual property infringement. Furthermore, from time to time, we may introduce new products and services, which could increase our exposure to intellectual property claims. It is difficult to predict whether assertions of third-party intellectual property rights or any infringement or misappropriation claims arising from such assertions will substantially harm our reputation and/or business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.Digital piracy could adversely impact our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.A substantial portion of our revenue comes from the distribution of music, which is potentially subject to unauthorized consumer copying and widespread digital dissemination without an economic return to us, including as a result of “stream-ripping.” In its Engaging with Music 2023 report, the IFPI surveyed over 43,000 people to examine the ways in which music consumers aged 16 to 64 engaged with recorded music across 26 countries.” In its Engaging with Music 2022 report, the IFPI surveyed 44,000 people to examine the ways in which music consumers aged 16 to 64 engaged with recorded music across 22 countries. Of those surveyed, 29% had used illegal or unlicensed methods to listen to or download music and 20% had used an unlicensed mobile app to illegally download music. Of those surveyed, 30% had used illegal or unlicensed methods to listen to or download music and 17% had used an unlicensed mobile app to illegally download music. Organized industrial piracy may also lead to decreased revenues. The impact of digital piracy on legitimate music revenues and subscriptions is hard to quantify, but we believe that illegal file sharing and other forms of unauthorized activity, including stream manipulation, have a substantial negative impact on music revenues. As with many technological innovations, AI and machine learning technologies, also presents additional risks and challenges that could affect our business. AI and machine learning technologies are complex and rapidly evolving and the potential for AI-generated music has also introduced new challenges for protecting our intellectual property and other rights of our artists and songwriters. Along with an uncertain regulatory environment these challenges include new forms of intellectual property infringement through the unauthorized reproduction of copyrighted works and the name, images, likeness and voices of our artists and songwriters to “train” AI applications and to create unauthorized derivative works.If we fail to obtain appropriate relief through the judicial process or the complete enforcement of judicial decisions issued in our favor (or if judicial decisions are not in our favor), if we are unsuccessful in our efforts to lobby governments to enact and enforce stronger legal penalties for copyright infringement or if we fail to develop effective means of protecting and enforcing our intellectual 24 Table of Contentsproperty (whether copyrights or other intellectual property rights such as patents, trademarks and trade secrets) or our music entertainment-related products or services, our business, cash flows, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may suffer. If we fail to obtain appropriate relief through the judicial process or the complete enforcement of judicial decisions issued in our favor (or if judicial decisions are not in our favor), if we are unsuccessful in our efforts to lobby governments to enact and enforce stronger legal penalties for copyright infringement or if we fail to develop effective means of protecting and enforcing our intellectual property 28 Table of Contents(whether copyrights or other intellectual property rights such as patents, trademarks and trade secrets) or our music entertainment-related products or services, our results of operations, financial position and prospects may suffer. If we or our service providers do not maintain the security of information relating to our customers, employees and vendors and our music, security information breaches through cyber security attacks or otherwise could damage our reputation with customers, employees, vendors and artists, and we could incur substantial additional costs, become subject to litigation and our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.We receive certain personal information about our customers and potential customers, and we also receive personal information concerning our employees, artists and vendors. In addition, our online operations depend upon the secure transmission of confidential information over public networks.We maintain security measures with respect to such information, but despite these measures, such information may still be vulnerable to security breaches by computer hackers and others that attempt to penetrate the security measures that we have in place. A compromise of our security systems (through cyber-attacks, which are rapidly evolving and sophisticated or otherwise) that results in personal information being obtained by unauthorized persons or other bad acts could adversely affect our reputation with our customers, potential customers, employees, artists and vendors, as well as our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations, and could result in litigation against us or the imposition of governmental penalties. Unauthorized persons have also attempted to redirect payments to or from us. If any such attempt were successful, we could lose and fail to recover the redirected funds, which loss could be material. We may also be subject to cyber-attacks that target our music, including not-yet-released music. The theft and premature release of this music may adversely affect our reputation with current and potential artists and adversely impact our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, a security breach could require that we expend significant additional resources related to our information security systems and could result in a disruption of our business operations.We rely on third-party data storage providers, including cloud storage solution providers, resulting in less direct control over our data.We increasingly rely on third-party data storage providers, including cloud storage solution providers, resulting in less direct control over our data. Such third parties may also be vulnerable to security breaches and compromised security systems, which could adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.Evolving laws and regulations concerning data privacy may result in increased regulation and different industry standards, which could result in monetary penalties, increase the costs of operations or limit our activities.Evolving laws and regulations concerning data privacy may result in increased regulation and different industry standards, which could increase the costs of operations or limit our activities. We engage in a wide array of online activities globally and are thus subject to a broad range of related laws and regulations including, for example, those relating to privacy, consumer protection, data retention and data protection, online behavioral advertising, geo-location tracking, text messaging, e-mail advertising, mobile advertising, content regulation, defamation, age verification, the protection of children online, social media and other Internet, mobile and online-related prohibitions and restrictions. The regulatory framework for privacy and data security issues worldwide has become increasingly burdensome and complex, and is likely to continue to be so for the foreseeable future. Practices regarding the collection, use, storage, transmission, security and disclosure of personal information by companies operating over the Internet and mobile platforms are receiving ever-increasing public and governmental scrutiny.The U.S. government, including Congress, the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Commerce, has announced that it is reviewing the need for even greater regulation for the collection of information concerning consumer behavior on the Internet and mobile platforms, including regulation aimed at restricting certain targeted advertising practices, the use of location data and disclosures of privacy practices in the online and mobile environments, including with respect to online and mobile applications. State governments are engaged in similar legislative and regulatory activities (including the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) effective on January 1, 2020, the California Privacy Rights and Enforcement Act, effective January 1, 2023 (“CPRA”) and other analogous statutes more recently in other states). The effects of CCPA and these other recently adopted laws includes an increased ability of individuals to control the use of their personal data; heightened transparency obligations, increased obligations of companies to maintain the security of data; and increased exposure to fines or damages for companies that do not accord individuals their specified privacy rights, that experience data breaches or that do not maintain cybersecurity at certain levels of quality.In addition, privacy and data security laws and regulations around the world are being implemented rapidly and evolving. These new and evolving laws (including the European Union General Data Protection Regulation effective on May 25, 2018) have resulted in greater compliance burdens for companies with global operations. Globally, many government and consumer agencies have also called 25 Table of Contentsfor new regulation and changes in industry practices with respect to information collected from consumers, electronic marketing and the use of third-party cookies, web beacons and similar technology for online behavioral advertising. Our business, including our ability to operate and expand internationally, could be adversely affected if laws or regulations are adopted, interpreted or implemented in a manner that is inconsistent with our current business practices and that require changes to these practices. Therefore, our business could be harmed by any significant change to applicable laws, regulations or industry practices regarding the collection, use or disclosure of customer data, or regarding the manner in which the express or implied consent of consumers for such collection, use and disclosure is obtained. Such changes may require us to modify our operations, possibly in a material manner, and may limit our ability to develop new products, services, mechanisms, platforms and features that make use of data regarding our customers and potential customers. Any actual or alleged violations of laws and regulations relating to privacy and data security, and any relevant claims, may expose us to potential liability, fines and may require us to expend significant resources in responding to and defending such allegations and claims, regardless of merit. Claims or allegations that we have violated laws and regulations relating to privacy and data security could also result in negative publicity and a loss of confidence in us.We face a potential loss of catalog to the extent that our songwriters or recording artists have a right to recapture rights in their musical compositions or recordings under the U.We face a potential loss of catalog to the extent that our recording artists have a right to recapture rights in their recordings under the U. S. Copyright Act.The U.S. Copyright Act provides authors (or their heirs) a right to terminate U.S. licenses or assignments of rights in their copyrighted works in certain circumstances. This right does not apply to works that are “works made for hire.” Since the enactment of the Sound Recordings Act of 1971, as amended, which first accorded federal copyright protection for sound recordings in the U.S., virtually all of our agreements with recording artists provide that such recording artists render services under a work-made-for-hire relationship. A termination right exists under the U.S. Copyright Act for U.S. rights in musical compositions that are not “works made for hire.” If any of our commercially available sound recordings were determined not to be “works made for hire,” then the recording artists (or their heirs) could have the right to terminate the U.S. federal copyright rights they granted to us, generally during a five-year period starting at the end of 35 years from the date of release of a recording under a post-1977 license or assignment (or, in the case of a pre-1978 grant in a pre-1978 recording, generally during a five-year period starting at the end of 56 years from the date of copyright). A termination of U.S. federal copyright rights could have an adverse effect on our Recorded Music business. From time to time, authors (or their heirs) have the opportunity to terminate our U.S. rights in musical compositions. We believe the effect of any potential terminations is already reflected in the financial results of our business.Risks Related to Our Common Stock and WarrantsThe market price of our Common Stock and Warrants is volatile, and you may lose some or all of your investment.Risks Related to Our Common Stock and WarrantsThe market price of our Common Stock and Warrants is likely to be highly volatile, and you may lose some or all of your investment. The market price of our Common Stock and Warrants may be highly volatile and may be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a variety of factors, including the following:●our quarterly or annual earnings or those of other companies in our industry compared to market expectations;●the size of our public float;●our inability to maintain the listing of our Common Stock and Warrants on Nasdaq;●coverage by or changes in financial estimates by securities or industry analysts or failure to meet their expectations;●changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;●changes in senior management or key personnel;●changes in applicable laws or regulations;●risks relating to the uncertainty of our projected financial information;26 Table of Contents●risks related to the organic and inorganic growth of our business and the timing of expected business milestones; and●changes in general market, economic and political conditions in the U.S. and global economies or financial markets, including those resulting from natural disasters, terrorist attacks, acts of war and responses to such events.In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors, as well as general economic, political, regulatory and market conditions, may negatively affect the market price of our Common Stock and Warrants, regardless of our actual operating performance.We have Warrants outstanding that are exercisable for our Common Stock, which, if exercised, would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.As of March 31, 2024, our outstanding Warrants included 5,750,000 publicly-traded warrants (the “Public Warrants”), which were issued during ROCC’s initial public offering on December 15, 2020, and 137,500 warrants sold in a private placement to ROCC’s sponsor (the “Private Warrants”). Each whole Warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one whole share of Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share. To the extent such Warrants are exercised, additional shares of our Common Stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of our Common Stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such Warrants may be exercised could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our Common Stock.We may redeem unexpired Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making the Warrants worthless.We have the ability to redeem the outstanding Public Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per Warrant, provided that the closing price of our Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading-day period ending three business days before we send the notice of redemption to the registered holders. If we call the Public Warrants for redemption, our management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise the Public Warrants to do so on a cashless basis. In addition, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. As a result, we may redeem the Public Warrants as set forth above even if the holders are otherwise unable to exercise such Public Warrants. Redemption of the outstanding Public Warrants could force you to (i) exercise your Warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for you to do so, (ii) sell your Warrants at the then-current market price when you might otherwise wish to hold your Warrants or (iii) accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding Warrants are called for redemption, may be substantially less than the market value of your Warrants. The Private Warrants are non-redeemable so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees. If the Private Warrants are held by someone other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, the Private Warrants will be redeemable by us and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.Due to the nature of our business, our results of operations, cash flows and the trading price of our Common Stock and Warrants may fluctuate significantly from period to period.Our results of operations are affected by the amount and quality of music that we release, the number of releases that include musical compositions published by us, timing of release schedules and, more importantly, the consumer demand for these releases. We also make advance payments to songwriters and artists, which impact our results of operations and operating cash flows. The timing of releases and advance payments is largely based on business and other considerations and is made without regard to the impact of the timing of the release on our financial results. In addition, certain of our license agreements with digital music services contain minimum guarantees and/or require that we are paid minimum guarantee payments. Our results of operations and cash flows in any reporting period may be materially affected by the timing of releases and advance payments and minimum guarantees, which may result in significant fluctuations from period to period, which may have an adverse impact on the price of our Common Stock or Warrants.27 Table of ContentsVolatility in our stock price could subject us to securities class action litigation.In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.We may be unable to maintain the listing of our securities on Nasdaq in the future.If we fail to meet the continued listing requirements and Nasdaq delists our Common Stock or Warrants, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:●a limited availability of market quotations for our Common Stock and Warrants;●a limited amount of news and analyst coverage for us; and●a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about us, or publish negative reports, our stock price and trading volume could decline.The trading market for our Common Stock and Warrants will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us. We do not have any control over these analysts. In addition, because we did not become a public reporting company by means of a traditional underwritten initial public offering, security or industry analysts may not provide, or be less likely to provide, coverage of us. If our financial performance fails to meet analyst estimates or one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our Common Stock or Warrants or change their opinion, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, would be your sole source of gain.We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our Common Stock or Warrants would be your sole source of gain on an investment in our Common Stock or Warrants for the foreseeable future.The future sales of shares by our stockholders may adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock and Warrants.Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Common Stock in the public market could occur at any time. If our stockholders sell, or the market perceives that our stockholders intend to sell, substantial amounts of our Common Stock in the public market, the market price of our Common Stock could decline.The holders of the Founder Shares are entitled to registration rights pursuant to a registration rights agreement entered into in connection with the IPO. The holders of the majority of these securities are entitled to make up to three demands that we register such securities. The holders of the majority of the Founder Shares, the Private Units and any working capital loans made to us are entitled to make up to two demands that we register such securities. The holders of the majority of the Founder Shares can elect to exercise these registration rights at any time commencing three months prior to the date on which the Founder Shares are to be released from escrow. In addition, the holders have certain “piggy-back” registration rights with respect to registration statements filed subsequent to the consummation of the Business Combination. The presence of these additional Founder Shares trading in the public market may have an adverse effect on the market price of our Common Stock.28 Table of ContentsWe are an emerging growth company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Common Stock or Warrants less attractive to investors.We are an emerging growth company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Common Stock or Warrants less attractive to investors. We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including exemption from compliance with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i)(x) March 31, 2026, (y) the date on which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i)(x) December 15, 2025, (y) the date on which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1. 07 billion, or (z) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of shares of our Common Stock and Warrants that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior September 30th, and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.In addition, under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies.32 Table of ContentsIn addition, under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.
Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may continue to qualify as a “smaller reporting company,” which would allow us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements including reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and other periodic reports and proxy statements.Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may continue to qualify as a “smaller reporting company,” which would allow us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements including exemption from compliance with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and other periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our Common Stock or Warrants less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Common Stock or Warrants less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Common Stock and Warrants and their market prices may be more volatile.Item 1B. Unresolved Staff CommentsNot applicable.Item 1C.Item 1A. CybersecurityWe maintain robust and comprehensive processes, procedures and controls to protect and secure our information systems and data infrastructure from cybersecurity threats. Our cybersecurity program is led by our Vice President of Technology, who functions as our chief information security officer (“CISO”). Our cybersecurity program interfaces with other functional areas within the Company, including but not limited to our business segments and information technology (“IT”) and legal departments, as well as external third-party partners, to identify and understand potential cybersecurity threats. Our business, including our ability to operate and expand internationally, could be adversely affected if laws or regulations are adopted, interpreted or implemented in a manner that is inconsistent with our current business practices and that require changes to these practices. We regularly assess and update our processes, procedures and management techniques in light of ongoing cybersecurity developments. We also have a cybersecurity specific risk assessment process, which helps identify our cybersecurity threat risks by comparing our processes to standards set by the International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”).Internally, the CISO coordinates oversight of reviewing security alerts, identifying and monitoring ongoing and potential cybersecurity threats, evaluating strategic business impacts of cybersecurity threats and developing programs and initiatives to educate our employees regarding cybersecurity. The CISO also manages our Incident Response Team, which includes a team comprised of executives from various cross - functional management teams, internal technical support roles and external third - party service providers. The Incident Response Team will analyze and, as necessary, escalate cybersecurity incidents both internally and with third - party service providers based on type and severity of the specific incident.We also require cybersecurity training for relevant employees, focusing on the appropriate protection and security of confidential company and third-party information. The IT team provides regular updates to senior management on various cybersecurity threats, assessments and findings and effectiveness of the Company’s cyber risk management program. Our Board of Directors through the Audit Committee oversees our risk management, including our information technology and cybersecurity policies, procedures, and risk 29 Table of Contentsassessments. Management reports to our Board of Directors on information security matters as necessary, regarding any significant cybersecurity incidents, as well as any incidents with lesser impact potential.As of the date of this Form 10 - K, the Company is not aware of any cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition and that are required to be reported in this Form 10 - K. However, the sophistication of cyber threats continues to increase, and the preventative actions we have taken and continue to take to reduce the risk of cyber incidents and protect its systems and information may not successfully protect against all cyber incidents. Should any reportable cybersecurity incident arise, our management shall promptly report such matters to our Board of Directors for further action, including regarding the appropriate disclosure in accordance with SEC regulations, mitigation, and other response or actions that the Board of Directors deems appropriate to take. For more information on how cybersecurity risk may materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, please refer to Item 1A Risk Factors..
Recently Filed
Click on a ticker to see risk factors
Ticker * | File Date |
---|---|
PBH | 3 hours ago |
MCK | 16 hours ago |
CELU | 16 hours ago |
MINR | 19 hours ago |
TBH | 1 day, 16 hours ago |
NVEC | 1 day, 17 hours ago |
SAR | 1 day, 17 hours ago |
AIXN | 2 days ago |
SUAC | 2 days, 12 hours ago |
NCRA | 2 days, 16 hours ago |
HIGR | 2 days, 16 hours ago |
LVPA | 2 days, 22 hours ago |
CVLT | 3 days, 17 hours ago |
JOCM | 4 days, 3 hours ago |
OAKU | 6 days, 14 hours ago |
LGSP | 6 days, 14 hours ago |
DGLY | 6 days, 16 hours ago |
VNCE | 6 days, 17 hours ago |
WBSR | 6 days, 17 hours ago |
KIRK | 6 days, 17 hours ago |
STRM | 1 week ago |
MRKY | 1 week, 1 day ago |
CSLR | 1 week, 1 day ago |
CHMX | 1 week, 1 day ago |
KORE | 1 week, 1 day ago |
SCPX | 1 week, 1 day ago |
FORL | 1 week, 1 day ago |
KATX | 1 week, 1 day ago |
ITOX | 1 week, 1 day ago |
PWDY | 1 week, 1 day ago |
VHAI | 1 week, 2 days ago |
NAYA | 1 week, 2 days ago |
GLST | 1 week, 2 days ago |
GITS | 1 week, 2 days ago |
FRST | 1 week, 2 days ago |
ETWO | 1 week, 2 days ago |
KIDZ | 1 week, 2 days ago |
CRWE | 1 week, 2 days ago |
KAYS | 1 week, 2 days ago |
SRRE | 1 week, 2 days ago |
STRG | 1 week, 3 days ago |
JMTM | 1 week, 3 days ago |
NTRB | 1 week, 3 days ago |
EVLV | 1 week, 3 days ago |
QIND | 1 week, 3 days ago |
CASK | 1 week, 4 days ago |
GDLG | 1 week, 6 days ago |
TRMB | 1 week, 6 days ago |
MIND | 1 week, 6 days ago |
MVNC | 1 week, 6 days ago |