Risk Factors Dashboard

Once a year, publicly traded companies issue a comprehensive report of their business, called a 10-K. A component mandated in the 10-K is the ‘Risk Factors’ section, where companies disclose any major potential risks that they may face. This dashboard highlights all major changes and additions in new 10K reports, allowing investors to quickly identify new potential risks and opportunities.

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Risk Factors - RMTI

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Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk and there can be no assurance that our future results will meet expectations. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other

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information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before purchasing our common stock. If we are unable to successfully address these risks and challenges, our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects could be materially and adversely affected. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations would likely suffer. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could fall, and you may lose all or part of the money you paid to buy our common stock. It is not possible to predict or identify all such risks; our operations could also be affected by factors, events or uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently do not consider to present significant risks to our operations. Therefore, you should not consider the following risks to be a complete statement of all the potential risks or uncertainties that we face. Moreover, some of the factors, events and contingencies discussed below may have occurred in the past, but the disclosures below are not representations as to whether or not the factors, events or contingencies have occurred in the past, and instead reflect our beliefs and opinions as to the factors, events or contingencies that could materially and adversely affect us in the future.

RISK FACTOR SUMMARY

•We face competition in the concentrates market and have large competitors with substantial resources.

•Newer treatment methods and newly available medications may decrease the need for concentrates.

•Our business operations may subject us to numerous commercial disputes, claims, lawsuits and/or investigations.

•Our business could be adversely affected by economic downturns, inflation, increases in interest rates, natural disasters, public health crises, cybercrime, political crises, geopolitical events, such as the crisis in Ukraine and the Middle East, or other macroeconomic conditions, which could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

•Our A&R Loan Agreement (as defined below) with Innovatus contains certain covenants that could adversely affect our operations and, if an event of default were to occur, we could be forced to repay the outstanding indebtedness sooner than planned and possibly at a time when we do not have sufficient capital to meet this obligation. The occurrence of any of these events could cause a significant adverse impact on our business, prospects and share price.

•

•We have limited capital resources and will likely need additional funding to operate and expand our business. If we are unable to raise additional capital on attractive terms, or at all, we may be unable to grow our operations.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS

We face competition in the concentrates market and have large competitors with substantial resources.

The primary competitors in the market for our concentrates products are Fresenius, a large, diversified healthcare company headquartered in Germany with global operations, and Nipro, a large medical equipment manufacturing company headquartered in Japan with U.S. operations, each of which has financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, research and management resources substantially greater than ours. We may not be able to successfully compete with these companies. Both companies have historically used product bundling and low pricing for concentrates as a competitive strategy to capture market share for their broader renal product portfolios. We may be at a disadvantage in competing against these strategies to sell concentrates products since we do not have a broader renal product portfolio to use as leverage when negotiating contracts. Furthermore, Fresenius is vertically integrated and is the largest provider of dialysis services in the United States, treating approximately 37% of all U.S. in-center hemodialysis patients through its clinics. Fresenius has routinely acquired our customers, and it may acquire more of our customers in the future. In addition to Fresenius, Nipro may be seeking to increase its market share of the domestic concentrates market, which, if successful, could have an impact upon our market share and profitability.

The loss of any of these customers could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

Prior to 2025, one customer accounted for nearly half of our sales and for a substantial number of the clinics we supplied. While we continue to sell to that customer, sales are now substantially reduced compared to before 2025. We now have a group of larger customers, both

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domestic and international, that account for a significant portion of our business. The loss of any of these significant customers could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

Advancements in treatment modalities for end stage kidney disease and the introduction of new pharmacologic therapies may reduce demand for our hemodialysis concentrate products.

The market for our hemodialysis concentrate products depends on the continued utilization of in-center hemodialysis as a primary treatment modality for patients with end stage kidney disease (“ESKD”). However, the treatment landscape for ESKD is evolving. Technological advances, alternative renal replacement therapies, and newly developed pharmacologic agents may reduce the number of patients requiring conventional hemodialysis or may decrease the frequency or intensity of hemodialysis treatments.

For example, increased adoption of home-based dialysis modalities, including peritoneal dialysis and home hemodialysis, as well as improvements in kidney transplantation outcomes, may reduce reliance on in-center hemodialysis services. In addition, the development and commercialization of innovative therapies and devices, including wearable or implantable artificial kidney technologies, regenerative medicine approaches, and other emerging treatment options, could further diminish the demand for traditional hemodialysis.

Moreover, recently approved or future pharmacologic therapies designed to treat diseases for which chronic kidney disease (“CKD”) is a comorbidity, slow the progression of CKD or better manage complications associated with ESKD may delay or reduce the need for dialysis initiation. Emerging clinical evidence indicates that certain glucagon-like peptide-1 (“GLP-1”) receptor agonists may effectively treat the diseases for which CKD is a comorbidity and may also slow the progression of CKD in some patient populations. Because diabetes and obesity are leading contributors to CKD and ESKD, broader adoption of GLP-1 therapies and other novel metabolic treatments could reduce the incidence of CKD or delay its progression to ESKD and therefore reduce the number of patients requiring dialysis. To the extent these therapies decrease the number of patients who progress to dialysis-dependent kidney failure, or meaningfully delay dialysis initiation, demand for in-center hemodialysis treatments may decline over time. In addition, broader clinical adoption of such therapies, changes in clinical practice guidelines, or shifts in reimbursement policies favoring alternative treatments could adversely affect the volume of hemodialysis treatments administered.

If the number of patients receiving in-center hemodialysis decreases, demand for our products could also decrease. Any significant reduction in demand for our hemodialysis concentrates would adversely affect our revenues, profitability, and cash flows, and could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

If our customers move back to entering into long-term bundled product contracts with suppliers, our business could suffer.

Several of our competitors offer broad renal product portfolios and utilize a bundling approach when contracting with dialysis providers and hospitals. While the dialysis customer base currently seems to be moving away from restrictive bundled contracts, which has improved market access for Rockwell, there have been cycles in the past in which purchasing bundled products was in favor. We do not currently have a full renal product portfolio to leverage as a comprehensive or bundled offering to providers, as we do not sell dialysis machines, certain dialysis machine-related disposables, or certain pharmaceutical products used as part of dialysis treatments.

We have been, and may continue to be, materially and adversely affected by increases in raw material, labor and transportation costs and may be unable to recover certain costs due to provisions in our contracts that limit price increases, and we may lose other customers due to price sensitivity.

We may not be able to recover a portion of such costs due to provisions in our agreements with our customers that cap price increases. The costs of chemicals and other raw materials are subject to price volatility based on supply and demand (including any volume discounts based on our manufacturing needs) and are highly influenced by the overall level of economic activity in the United States and abroad, which may be affected by changes in U.S. trade policies, including tariffs and other trade restrictions or the threat of such actions. In addition, labor costs have been steadily rising, and our manufacturing process is labor intensive, which increases our costs to produce our products. Rising labor costs also impact our transportation division, where we have fixed sale prices with delivery commitments to customers and thus may be required to absorb increased shipping costs.

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These costs have tended to rise from year to year and are likely to continue to rise in the future. In the past year, raw materials costs have increased significantly, due to short supply and excess demand. Transportation also comprises a significant portion of our costs. In the past, we have been adversely affected by a general shortage in commercial truckers in the United States and significant increases in labor and fuel costs. The recent spike in global oil prices due to the conflict in the Middle East may further increase our fuel, shipping and input costs, particularly if the price increase is sustained. In addition, we have experienced a nationwide shortage of diesel fuel in the United States or a significant increase in the price of diesel fuel, which we use to run our delivery trucks. An increase in the cost of diesel fuel or lack of availability of diesel fuel could significantly increase our costs or require us to find another way to deliver our products to clinics, including through use of third-party freight. If we are unable to do so, we could be in breach of our contracts. In addition, any increase in the use of third-party freight would significantly increase our costs, which we may not be able to pass on to our customers.

A portion of our customers do not have contracts with us and buy products strictly on a purchase order basis. Others are under contract, but the agreements may not contain purchasing minimums. In addition, if we do have contracts with our customers, some allow for price increases only once per year. Any inability to pass along costs, decrease in demand or loss of customers would result in lost revenue for the Company and may negatively impact our financial position and results of operations.

Our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by general weather conditions, as well as conditions in the United States and global economy and in the global financial markets. A severe weather or other geological event in our locations or those of our suppliers, or prolonged economic downturn or persistent inflation have and could continue to result in a variety of risks to our business, including our ability to recover our costs or to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. Severe weather events have forced us to close our manufacturing facilities temporarily, which strains our production. In addition, weather-related events may jeopardize our ability to deliver our products as required by our contracts. A weak or declining United States or global economy, or changes in U.S. trade policies, including tariffs and other trade restrictions or the threat of such actions, could also strain our suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruption. In addition, due to macro-economic conditions in the global economy (including inflation), there have been shortages in raw materials, parts and fuel that we need to run our business. For example, from time to time, our suppliers have experienced shortages in bicarbonate and acid, which are components of our dialysis concentrates, and parts needed for our equipment to make certain of our products. Diesel fuel has also been in short supply in the United States at times and our delivery trucks run on diesel. While we have been able to minimize the impact of these disruptions to date, there can be no assurance that we will continue being able to do so. Any of the foregoing could harm our business, and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the current economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

The manual nature of production can introduce the risk of error. In addition, manual processes involving high amounts of labor can result in significant production costs. Many of our products are “made to order,” which can further increase production costs, as we have to frequently change production runs.

We may not be successful in expanding our business or in our business development efforts related to in-licensing, acquisitions or other business collaborations. Even if we are able to enter into business development arrangements, they could have a negative impact on our business and our profitability.

In addition, as part of our business strategy, we may seek to acquire or in-

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license products or product candidates that we believe are a complementary fit with our business, as well as other product or product candidates that we believe have substantial development potential. We may not be able to identify such opportunities. If we do, the negotiation of such arrangements can be a lengthy, complex and expensive process and there can be no assurance that any such negotiations will be completed on a timely basis or at all or result in an arrangement that will enable us to effectively integrate, develop and launch such products or product candidates effectively.

In addition, the market potential for new products or product candidates is highly uncertain and evaluation of such potential requires significant judgment and assumptions. There is a significant risk that any new product may not be able to be brought to market as profitably as expected or at all. If the results of any new product initiative are materially worse than expected, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

Our business depends on government funding of health care, and changes could impact our ability to be paid in full for our products, increase prices or cause consolidation in the dialysis provider market.

Medicare and Medicaid fund the majority of dialysis costs in the United States. Many dialysis providers receive most of their funding from the U.S. government and are supplemented by payments from private health care insurers. These providers depend on Medicare and Medicaid funding to be viable businesses. Changes to health insurance and reimbursement by Congress or the executive branch may have a negative impact on Medicare and Medicaid funding and on reimbursement protocols. If Medicare and Medicaid funding were to materially decrease, dialysis providers would be severely impacted, increasing our risk of not being paid in full. An increase in our exposure to uncollectible accounts could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

Since 2011, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ("CMS") has continued to modify reimbursement policies for dialysis under the end-stage renal disease ("ESRD") prospective payment system, with reimbursements generally falling short of covering the increasing cost of dialysis care, resulting in economic pressure on dialysis providers. We anticipate that dialysis providers will continue to seek ways to reduce their costs per treatment due to these reimbursement policies, which could reduce our sales and profitability and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

Any such reforms could potentially impact reimbursement by Medicare and Medicaid programs for dialysis and could negatively affect the ability of certain individuals to obtain coverage.

As a result of these changes to Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement, the dialysis provider industry may continue to consolidate. This may result in increased purchasing leverage for providers across all dialysis product categories and increased pricing pressure on all suppliers to the industry.

Our medical device products are life-sustaining and any failure to supply them to our customers could result in scrutiny and negatively impact our reputation and stock price.

Our hemodialysis concentrates products are critical to sustain the lives of patients who need them. This may result in increased governmental or other scrutiny on our business. Such actions could also result in reputational harm to us and have a negative impact on our stock price.

In addition, a consolidation or restructuring of our business could lead to significant one-time costs related to exiting operations. Such a consolidation could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our business and operations would suffer in the event of a security breach, system failure, invasion, corruption, destruction or interruption of our or our business partners’ critical information technology systems or infrastructure.

In the ordinary course of business, we and our business partners store sensitive data, including intellectual property and proprietary information related to our business, our customers and our business partners, on our information technology systems. Despite the implementation of security measures, these systems are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, cyber-attacks, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication, electrical and other system failures due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. We could experience a business interruption, monetary loss, intentional theft of confidential information or reputational damage, including damage to key customer and partner relationships, from system failures, espionage attacks, malware, phishing, social engineering, ransomware or other cyber-attacks. Such cyber-security breaches may compromise our system infrastructure or lead to data leakage, either internally or at our customers or business partners. Cybersecurity incidents, including phishing attacks and attempts to misappropriate or compromise confidential or proprietary information or sabotage enterprise IT systems, are becoming increasingly frequent and more sophisticated. Cybersecurity incidents increasingly involve the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to launch more automated, targeted, and coordinated attacks on targets. The information and data processed and stored in our technology systems, and those of our strategic partners, contract research organizations, contract manufacturers, suppliers, distributors or other third parties for which we depend to operate our business, may be vulnerable to loss, damage, denial-of-service, unauthorized access or misappropriation.

In any such event, our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Our future success depends on our ability to retain executives and key employees and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel in the future.

We are highly dependent on the operations, sales, product development, and business development expertise of the principal members of our management, operations and sales team. Although we have entered into employment agreements with our executives and key employees, each of them may terminate their employment with us at any time. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of our executives or other employees.

Recruiting and retaining qualified manufacturing, sales and marketing, and functional personnel is critical to our success. The loss of the services of our executive officers or other key employees could seriously harm our ability to successfully implement our business strategy. Furthermore, replacing executive officers and key employees may be difficult and may take an extended period of time due to the overall state of the labor pool and the difficulty finding the specialized skills we require. Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate these key personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous medical device, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel.

This competition has resulted in increasing compensation costs as we attempt to attract and retain workers.

We use hazardous materials, and any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials could be time consuming or costly.

We use hazardous materials, which could be dangerous to human health and safety or the environment. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and wastes. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and current or future environmental laws and regulations may impair the operation of our business and any development or expansion efforts.

In addition, we cannot entirely eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials or wastes. If one of our employees was accidentally injured from the use, storage, handling or disposal of these materials or wastes, the medical costs related to his or her treatment would be covered by our workers’ compensation insurance policy. However, we do

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not carry specific hazardous waste insurance coverage and our property and casualty and general liability insurance policies specifically exclude coverage for damages and fines arising from hazardous waste exposure or contamination. Accordingly, in the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for damages or penalized with fines in an amount exceeding our resources, and our clinical trials or regulatory approvals could be suspended, or operations otherwise affected.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR FINANCIAL POSITION

The reduction in sales to our largest customer required us to right size our operations and our inability to appropriately reduce our scale would have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

In the fall of 2024, we were notified by our largest customer that it would be moving a substantial portion of its business to another concentrates supplier in 2025. While we continue to sell to that customer, sales are now substantially reduced compared to before 2025. Because this customer represented approximately half of our sales volume, we reduced our cost structure to maintain our pricing and our profit margin. In August 2025, we ceased production in our South Carolina facility to reduce our overhead. We have also contracted a portion of our transportation operations to reduce costs. While we were able to cut our costs through these actions, we may seek to or be required to further reduce our costs or pass along cost increases to customers when contracts permit. We are also seeking to increase our sales to new and existing customers and expand our product portfolio to increase revenue in the wake of the decrease in sales from our largest customer. The recent restructuring of our operations could impact our ability to expand our business in the longer term should we be able to attract enough business to replace the revenue gap left by the loss of our largest customer.

The occurrence of any of these events could cause a significant adverse impact on our business, prospects and share price.

In March 2020, we entered into the Loan Agreement with Innovatus to make certain term loans to the Company in the aggregate principal amount of up to $35 million. Net draw down proceeds at closing were approximately $21 million, net of estimated fees and expenses. On January 2, 2024, we amended and restated the Loan Agreement (the “A&R Loan Agreement”) to provide for the continuation of term loans initially borrowed under the Loan Agreement, in an aggregate outstanding principal amount of $8.0 million as of the effective date and $8.8 million as of December 31, 2025.

Pursuant to the A&R Loan Agreement, we have pledged substantially all of our assets and the assets of our subsidiary, Rockwell Transportation, Inc., and have agreed that we may not sell or assign rights to our patents and other intellectual property without the prior consent of Innovatus. Additionally, the A&R Loan Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and affirmative covenants, subject to customary carve outs, and includes financial covenants related to liquidity and actual hemodialysis products revenue (measured on a biannual basis). The A&R Loan Agreement also contains negative covenants that, among other things, restrict our ability to:

•incur additional indebtedness;

•grant liens;

•make distributions, including dividends;

•enter into a merger or consolidation;

•alter the business of the Company; or

•sell all or a portion of the Company’s property, business or assets.

These terms of the A&R Loan Agreement could prevent us from taking certain actions without the consent of our lenders, which may limit our flexibility in operating our business and our ability to take actions that might be advantageous to us and our stockholders, placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors who have less leverage and who therefore may be able to take advantage of opportunities that our leverage prevents us from exploiting. These covenants could also limit our ability to make needed capital expenditures or otherwise conduct necessary or desirable business activities. If we cannot maintain compliance with the covenants under our A&R Loan Agreement, we may trigger an event of default. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be adversely affected by events beyond our control. The A&R Loan Agreement requires that we make interest-only payments for thirty months, or up to thirty-six months if certain conditions are met. Those conditions were satisfied in 2024, and the Company may make

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interest only payments for thirty-six months. The loan will mature on January 1, 2029, unless repaid earlier. The A&R Loan Agreement includes a financial covenant that required actual consolidated revenue from the sale and supply of hemodialysis products for the trailing six-month period (ended on the date when tested), to be not less than 85.0% of the projections for the same period and, beginning with the quarter ending September 30, 2024, actual consolidated revenue from the sale and supply of hemodialysis products for the trailing six-month period (ended on the date when tested), to be not less than 80.0% of the projections for the same period. Those projections were amended to account for the lost revenue from DaVita when it moved to a different supplier. Our inability to satisfy this financial covenant or cure any breach would constitute an event of default. The A&R Loan Agreement also includes a liquidity covenant that requires us to maintain minimum liquidity of the greater of (x) our three-month cash burn or (y) the sum of $1.5 million and the aggregate amount of capital lease payments required to be made during the succeeding 12 months (or during a continuing event of default, the aggregate amount of capital lease payments required to be made during the entire term of such capital leases). Although we are currently in compliance with all reporting and financial covenants, there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to maintain compliance in the future.

The A&R Loan Agreement also includes customary events of default, including, among other things, a change of control or a failure to comply with certain of the covenants in the A&R Loan Agreement. Upon the occurrence and continuation of an event of default, all amounts due under the A&R Loan Agreement become (in the case of a bankruptcy event), or may become (in the case of all other events of default and at the option of Innovatus), immediately due and payable.

If an event of default under the A&R Loan Agreement should occur, we could be required to immediately repay the outstanding indebtedness. If we are unable to repay this debt, the lenders would be able to foreclose on the secured collateral, including our cash accounts, and take other remedies permitted under the A&R Loan Agreement. Even if we are able to repay the indebtedness on an event of default, the repayment of these sums may significantly reduce our working capital and impair our ability to operate as planned. The occurrence of any of these events could cause a significant adverse impact on our business and financial condition.

We have limited capital resources and will likely need additional funding to expand our business. If we are unable to raise additional capital on attractive terms, or at all, we may be unable to sustain our operations.

As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $25.0 million of cash, cash equivalents and investments available-for-sale, and working capital of $28.6 million.

These factors are subject to significant risks and uncertainties and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in raising additional capital, controlling costs and restructuring our customer relationships. If we are unable to achieve one or all of these objectives, we may be forced to implement further cost-saving measures that could have a negative impact on our activities. If we are unable to increase our revenues and decrease our expenses or raise any required capital, we may be forced to curtail our activities and, ultimately, cease operations. In addition, our day-to-day operations depend in part on the amount of credit our suppliers will extend to us. If we are unable to maintain a favorable financial position, that credit may be curtailed, which could significantly impact our operations. Even if we are able to raise sufficient capital, such financings may only be available on unattractive terms, or result in significant dilution of stockholders’ interests and, in such event, the market price of our common stock may decline.

Our forecast of the period of time through which our existing capital resources will be adequate to support our current operations is a forward-looking statement that involves risks and uncertainties. The actual amount of funds we will need to operate is subject to many factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include, but are not limited to:

•our ability to enter into new contracts and negotiate favorable terms with current and future customers;

•our ability to increase our prices to keep up with inflation;

•whether we experience significant input costs for, or disruptions to, the manufacturing or distribution of our products;

•whether we expand into new territories; and

•whether we develop and launch new product offerings.

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If we are required to raise additional capital to fund our operations, such equity financings may be dilutive to our stockholders and newly issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing is limited by the terms of our Securities Purchase Agreement with DaVita, dated as of April 6, 2022, pursuant to which they invested in our convertible preferred stock.

Debt financing, if available, may involve significant cash payment obligations and covenants that restrict our ability to operate as a business. If our operations require substantial cash resources in the future in excess of our liquid resources on hand and if our cash flows are not sufficient to support financing through unsecured indebtedness, we may not be able to obtain debt financing, and our capital financing options may become limited.

Regardless of whether we seek to raise additional working capital through the sale of equity securities or the incurrence of indebtedness, if we do not have sufficient funds available to run our concentrates business and pursue business opportunities, our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Our financial projections are based on various assumptions that may not come to fruition.

RISKS RELATED TO LEGAL AND REGULATORY

Our business is highly regulated, resulting in additional expense and risk of noncompliance that can materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

Our business is highly regulated. The testing, manufacture, distribution, sale and delivery of the products we manufacture directly, or that are manufactured by or for our distribution partners, are subject to extensive regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") and by other federal, state and foreign authorities, including, with respect to our transportation operations, the U.S. Department of Transportation ("DOT"). Before medical devices, such as our concentrate products or the bicarbonate cartridge we distribute, can be commercially marketed in the United States, the FDA must give either premarket approval or 510(k) clearance. After a product is approved, regulatory authorities may impose significant restrictions on a product’s indicated uses or marketing or requirements for potentially costly post-marketing studies. In addition, manufacturers and their facilities are required to comply with extensive FDA requirements, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to current good manufacturing practices ("cGMP") and applicable state laws. While the finding was not serious, management expended time and effort on the correction. Accordingly, we and our partners must continue to expend time, money and effort in all areas to achieve and maintain regulatory compliance. We are also required to report certain adverse reactions and production problems, if any, to applicable regulatory authorities.

If non-compliant inventory is sold or if a regulatory agency determines that we are not compliant with any applicable regulatory requirements, we may be subject to warnings from, or enforcement action by, state and federal government authorities, which may include penalties, fines, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, suspension of production, denial of future regulatory approvals, withdrawal or suspension of existing regulatory approvals, operating restrictions, injunctions and criminal prosecution. If regulatory sanctions are applied, the value of our Company and our operating results could be materially and adversely affected. For example, such actions could cause our customers to doubt the safety or efficacy of our products, which could adversely impact our business. Even a voluntary Class III recall, which is a recall of products for a defect that is unlikely to result in adverse health consequences, can have an adverse impact on the Company due to the costs of the recall or the reactions of customers.

Our failure to comply with applicable regulations could also result in product liability litigation against us. Moreover, changes in applicable regulatory requirements could significantly increase the costs of our operations, which we may not be able to recover under our fixed price contracts.

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Our business operations may subject us to numerous commercial disputes, claims, lawsuits and/or investigations.

Operating in the medical device industry involves numerous commercial relationships, complex contractual arrangements, uncertain intellectual property rights, potential product liability and other aspects that create heightened risks of disputes, claims, lawsuits and investigations. A counterparty may assert claims that we do not believe are meritorious, but we nonetheless need to defend. In addition, any commercial dispute, claim, lawsuit or investigation may divert our management’s attention away from our business, we may incur significant expenses in addressing or defending any commercial dispute, claim or lawsuit or responding to any investigation, and we may be required to pay damage awards or settlements or become subject to equitable remedies that could adversely affect our operations and financial results.

We may become the target of litigation, which is costly and time-consuming to defend.

We have in the past been subject to litigation and it is possible that legal proceedings could be brought against us in the future based upon decisions we make regarding our strategy or otherwise. Litigation can be costly and time-consuming, and the results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict. These lawsuits assert types of claims that, if resolved against us, could give rise to substantial damages, and an unfavorable outcome or settlement of these lawsuits, or any future lawsuits, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or stock price. Even if any future lawsuits are not resolved against us, the costs of defending such lawsuits may be material to our business and our operations. Moreover, these lawsuits may divert our Board and our management’s attention from the operation of our business.

Our products may have or have had undesirable side effects, and our product liability insurance may not be sufficient to protect us from material liability or harm to our business.

We sell hemodialysis concentrates that are used in dialysis procedures in the United States and foreign countries. In addition, prior to its discontinuation, we marketed and sold Triferic in the United States for four years and prior to that, engaged in clinical trials to support the submission of the NDA for approval. If patients experience side effects from the use of our hemodialysis concentrates or experienced side effects from Triferic and the statutes of limitation and repose have not expired, such side effects may result in litigation against us by private litigants.

Although we maintain product liability insurance, we cannot be sure that such insurance would be sufficient to protect us against liabilities associated with any of these events in view of our expanding business or otherwise, or that such insurance will remain available at economical levels. We may have significant legal expenses that are not covered by insurance. In addition, our reputation could be damaged by such sanctions or product liability litigation and that could harm our business reputation and marketing ability. Any such sanctions or litigation could also hurt our ability to retain product liability insurance or make such insurance more expensive. In any such event, our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

We could be found to be infringing intellectual property rights of third parties, which could prevent us from selling products and could require us to pay significant damages and compel us to defend against litigation. We may be subject to claims that our employees or directors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

It is possible that we may infringe on intellectual property rights of others without being aware of the infringement.

As is common in the medical device industry, we engage the services of consultants to assist us in the development of our products. Many of these consultants were previously employed at, may have previously been or are currently providing consulting services to, other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. As such, the Company advises consultants not to disclose, or use trade secrets, or proprietary information of their former employers or their former or current customers. Although no claims against us are currently pending, we may be subject to claims that these consultants or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers or their former or current customers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are

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successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and day-to-day business operations.

Many of our employees and certain of our directors were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and directors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees or directors have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s or director’s former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

Our business could be impacted as a result of actions by activist stockholders, including as a result of a potential proxy contest for the election of directors at our annual meeting.

We were subjected to a proxy contest at our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which resulted in the negotiation of changes to the Board and the incurrence of substantial costs. A future proxy contest would require us to incur significant legal fees and proxy solicitation expenses and require significant time and attention by management and the Board. The potential of a proxy contest could interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plan, give rise to perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, adversely affect our relationships with customers, suppliers, investors, prospective and current team members and others, result in the loss of potential business opportunities or make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

We may also be subject, from time to time, to other legal and business challenges in the operation of our company due to actions instituted by activist stockholders. Responding to such actions, which may include publicity campaigns and, potentially, litigation, could be costly and time-consuming, divert the time and attention of our Board and management from our business, interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plan, give rise to perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, adversely impact our lobbying efforts, adversely affect our relationships with customers, suppliers, prospective and current team members and others, result in the loss of potential business opportunities or make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results. We cannot predict, and no assurances can be given as to, the outcome or timing of any matters relating to actions by activist stockholders or the ultimate impact on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON STOCK

The market price of our common stock has fluctuated in the past, and is likely to continue to be volatile, which could subject us to litigation.

The market price of our common stock has fluctuated and is likely to be subject to further wide fluctuations in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, such as those in this “Risk Factors” section and others including:

•the reporting of sales, operating results and cash resources;

•announcements by commercial partners or competitors of new commercial products, clinical progress or the lack thereof, significant contracts, commercial relationships or capital commitments;

•the entry into, or termination of, key agreements, including key commercial partner agreements;

•the loss of key customers;

•changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;

•the loss of key employees;

•changes in estimates or recommendations by securities analysts, if any, who cover our common stock;

•issues in manufacturing our products;

•the initiation of, material developments in, or conclusion of litigation to enforce or defend any of our intellectual property rights or defend against the intellectual property rights of others; and

•the introduction of technological innovations or new therapies that compete with our products.

In addition, third parties may engage in trading strategies that result in intentional volatility to and control over our stock price. Moreover, the stock markets in general have experienced substantial volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of individual companies. These broad market fluctuations may also adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

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In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, stockholders have often instituted class action securities litigation against those companies. Such litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management attention and resources, which could significantly harm our profitability and reputation.

We may fail to qualify for continued listing on Nasdaq, which could make it more difficult for our stockholders to sell their shares.

We are required to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq to maintain such listing, including, among other things, the maintenance of a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share. In 2021, we received a notice from Nasdaq that we were not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1) for continued listing on The Nasdaq Global Market and were unable to regain compliance in the time allotted by Nasdaq. As a result, we moved our listing to The Nasdaq Capital Market and effected an 11-for-1 reverse stock split in May 2022 to regain compliance. While this reverse stock split addressed the listing deficiency, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement going forward. Our stock price has been volatile and has trended below the minimum closing bid price from time to time.

If our common stock were delisted by Nasdaq, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

•a limited availability of market quotations for our common stock;

•reduced liquidity with respect to our common stock;

•a determination that our shares are “penny stock,” which will require brokers trading in our shares to adhere to more stringent shares, and which may limit demand for our common stock among certain investors;

•a limited amount of news and analyst coverage for our company; and

•a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

Shares eligible for future sale may affect the market price of our common stock.

Any future sales by us of substantial amounts of our common stock, or the possibility of such sales, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and also impair our ability to raise capital through an offering of our equity securities in the future. In the future, we may issue additional shares or warrants in connection with investments or for other purposes considered advisable by our Board. Any substantial sale of our common stock may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock and may dilute the economic value and voting rights of existing stockholders.

The market price of the common stock may be depressed by the potential exercise of these options and warrants and the sale of the underlying common stock. The holders of these options and warrants are likely to exercise them when we would otherwise be able to obtain additional capital on more favorable terms than those provided by the options and warrants.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards to offset potential taxable income and related income taxes that would otherwise be due may be limited.

We have substantial net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLs") available to reduce future taxable income. Our ability to use our NOLs to offset potential future taxable income and related income taxes that would otherwise be due is dependent upon our generation of future taxable income before the expiration dates of the NOLs. In addition to uncertainty regarding our future profitability, our use of the NOLs may be subject to annual limitations under the “ownership change” provisions of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which may result in the expiration of some or all of the NOLs before they can be used. In general, an “ownership change” occurs if, during a rolling three-year period, there is a greater than 50% change in the percentage ownership of the corporation by 5% owners (and persons treated as 5% owners), as defined in Section 382 and related regulations. We may experience an ownership change in the future as a result of future changes in our stock ownership. The inability to use our NOLs to reduce federal taxable income could result in increased future tax liability to us and reduce the cash that would otherwise be available to our business.

We do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future.

Since inception, we have not paid any cash dividend on our common stock and do not anticipate paying such dividends in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends is within the discretion of our Board of Directors and depends upon our earnings, capital requirements, financial condition and requirements, future prospects, restrictions in future financing agreements,

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business conditions and other factors deemed relevant by the Board. We intend to retain earnings and any cash resources to finance our operations. Therefore, it is highly unlikely we will pay cash dividends.

If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they publish negative evaluations, the price of our common stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock may be impacted by the availability or lack of research and reports that third-party industry or financial analysts publish about us. There are many large, publicly traded companies active in the medical device and biopharmaceutical industry, which may mean it will be less likely that we receive widespread analyst coverage.

Furthermore, if one or more of the analysts who do cover us downgrade our stock, our stock price would likely decline. If we do not receive adequate coverage by reputable analysts that have an understanding of our business and industry, we could fail to achieve visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.

GENERAL RISK FACTORS

Our business could be adversely affected by economic downturns, inflation, increases in interest rates, natural disasters, public health crises, political crises, geopolitical events, such as the crisis in Ukraine and the Middle East, or other macroeconomic conditions, which could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The global economy, including credit and financial markets, has experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including, among other things, diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, supply chain shortages, increases in inflation rates, higher interest rates, and uncertainty about political and economic stability. Higher interest rates, coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets, may increase economic uncertainty and affect consumer spending. Any such volatility and disruptions may adversely affect our business or the third parties on whom we rely. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, including as a result of political unrest or war, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more costly, more dilutive, or more difficult to obtain in a timely manner or on favorable terms, if at all. Increased inflation rates can adversely affect us by increasing our costs, including labor and employee benefit costs.

We have experienced and may in the future experience disruptions as a result of such macroeconomic conditions and the occurrence of natural disasters and public health crises, including delays or difficulties in manufacturing sufficient quantities of materials and significant cost increases. If we fail to maintain inventory or deliver product as a result of such delays or difficulties, we could breach our agreements. In addition, tariffs imposed on goods coming into the U.S., or tariffs imposed by other countries on goods coming into those countries, could adversely impact our ability to import the products we sell, or ability to sell our products internationally. Any one or a combination of these events could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and Delaware law could prevent a third party from acquiring us (even if an acquisition would benefit our stockholders), may limit the ability of our stockholders to replace our management and limit the price that investors might be willing to pay for shares of our common stock.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire, control of us. These provisions could delay or prevent a change in control of the company and could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. These provisions, among other things:

•establish a staggered Board divided into three classes serving staggered three-year terms, such that not all members of the board will be elected at one time;

•authorize our Board to issue new series of preferred stock without stockholder approval and create, subject to applicable law, a series of preferred stock with preferential rights to dividends or our assets upon liquidation, or with superior voting rights to our existing common stock;

•disallow our stockholders to fill vacancies on our board;

•establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our Board or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at our annual stockholder meetings;

•permit our Board to establish the number of directors between three and fifteen;

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•provide that stockholders can remove directors only for cause and only upon the approval of not less than a majority of all outstanding shares of our voting stock;

•require the approval of not less than a majority of all outstanding shares of our voting stock to amend our bylaws and specific provisions of our certificate of incorporation; and

•limit the jurisdictions in which certain stockholder litigation may be brought.

We are not subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which could negatively affect your investment.

We elected in our certificate of incorporation to not be subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (“Section 203”). In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. A “business combination” includes a merger, asset sale or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. An “interested stockholder” is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns (or, in certain cases, within three years prior, did own) 15% or more of the corporation’s voting stock. This may make us more vulnerable to takeovers that are completed without the approval of our Board and/or without giving us the ability to prohibit or delay such takeovers as effectively.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another state court or a federal court located within the State of Delaware) is the exclusive forum for any claims that are based upon a violation of a duty by a current or former director, officer, employee or stockholder in such capacity, or as to which the Delaware General Corporation Law confers jurisdiction upon the Court of Chancery. This provision would not apply to claims brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any have exclusive jurisdiction. This choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees. If a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

Not applicable.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

The Company's management (the "Management") and the Company's board of directors (the "Board") recognize the critical importance of maintaining the trust and confidence of our investors, employees, customers, partners, and vendors. The Board is actively involved in the oversight of the Company's risk management program, and cybersecurity represents an important component of the Company's overall approach to enterprise risk management ("ERM"). The Company's cybersecurity policies, standards, processes, and practices are fully integrated into the Company's ERM program and are informed by recognized frameworks established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST") and other applicable industry standards. In general, the Company seeks to address cybersecurity risks through a comprehensive, cross-functional approach that is focused on preserving the confidentiality, security, and availability of the information that the Company collects and stores by identifying, preventing, mitigating, and remediating cybersecurity threats and effectively responding to cybersecurity incidents when they occur.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, use, store, and transmit digitally confidential, sensitive, proprietary, and personal information. The secure maintenance of this information and our information technology ("IT") systems is important to our operations and business strategy. To this end, we have implemented processes designed to assess, identify, and manage risks from potential unauthorized occurrences on or through our IT systems that may result in adverse effects on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of these systems and the data residing therein.

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Our Chief Operating Officer, who reports directly to the Chief Executive Officer, and our Director of Technology and Information Systems, together with our other executive officers, are responsible for assessing and managing cybersecurity risks. In the last fiscal year, the Company has not identified any risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. If we were to experience a material cybersecurity incident in the future, such incidents are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. For more information regarding cybersecurity risks that we face and potential impacts on our business related thereto, see the risk factor titled, “Our business and operations would suffer in the event of a security breach, system failure, invasion, corruption, destruction or interruption of our or our business partners’ critical information technology systems or infrastructure.”

Risk Management and Strategy

Rockwell Medical believes that the Company maintains an IT and security program appropriate for a company its size, taking into account its operations and risks. As one of the critical elements of the Company's overall ERM approach, the Company's cybersecurity program is focused on the following key areas:

Governance

The Board's oversight of cybersecurity risk management is supported by the Audit Committee of the Board (the "Audit Committee"), which regularly interacts with the Company's Chief Operating Officer. The Board, as a whole and at the Audit Committee level, has oversight for the most significant risks facing the Company and for the Company's processes to identify, prioritize, assess, manage, and mitigate those risks.

Collaborative Approach

The Company has implemented a cross-functional approach intended to identify, prevent, and mitigate material cybersecurity threats and incidents, while also implementing controls and processes that provide for the prompt escalation of certain cybersecurity incidents so that decisions regarding the public disclosure and reporting of such incidents can be made by Management in a timely manner.

Information Security

The Company implements organizational, administrative, and technical measures based on commercially reasonable procedures using industry standard information security measures prescribed for use by NIST, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and other generally recognized industry standards, in each case, designed to safeguard the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our infrastructure and data and the resiliency of our operations. Additionally, we perform information security maturity assessments and penetration testing quarterly for our IT infrastructure, and conduct vulnerability scans across key assets, core infrastructure, and endpoints to identify potential vulnerabilities and potential cybersecurity events. We assess and prioritize the remediation of vulnerabilities and other cybersecurity risks identified through these activities, using a risk-based approach.

Technical Safeguards

The Company deploys technical safeguards that are designed to protect the Company’s information systems from cybersecurity threats, including firewalls, intrusion prevention and detection systems, anti-malware functionality and access controls, which are evaluated and improved through vulnerability assessments and cybersecurity threat intelligence.

Incident Response and Recovery Planning

The Company has established and maintains a comprehensive cybersecurity incident response plan ("IRP") which establishes a framework designed to enable us to respond to cybersecurity incidents in a consistent, timely, and effective manner. Our IRP outlines procedures for identifying, reporting, investigating, assessing, and responding to cybersecurity incidents, including incident response team formation, roles and responsibilities by department, and communication and escalation protocols. Depending on the severity of the cybersecurity incident, the Company's IRP contemplates escalation to Management and the Audit Committee and/or the full Board, as well as periodic briefings on developments related to the incident response. We review and update our IRP annually and have conducted training of key team members regarding the IRP.

Third-Party Risk Management

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The Company maintains a risk-based approach to identifying and overseeing cybersecurity risks presented by third parties, including vendors, service providers and other external users of the Company’s systems, as well as the systems of third parties that could adversely impact our business in the event of a cybersecurity incident affecting those third-party systems.

Education, Awareness and Training

The Company provides regular, mandatory cybersecurity training as a means to equip the Company’s personnel with effective tools to address cybersecurity threats, and to communicate the Company’s evolving information security policies, standards, processes and practices.g., phishing, smishing, vishing, etc.).

Risk and Readiness Assessments

The Company engages in the periodic assessment and testing of the Company’s policies, standards, processes and practices that are designed to address cybersecurity threats and incidents. These efforts include a wide range of activities, including audits, assessments, tabletop exercises, threat modeling, vulnerability testing and other exercises focused on evaluating the effectiveness of our cybersecurity measures and planning. The Company regularly engages third parties to perform assessments on our cybersecurity measures, including information security maturity assessments, audits and independent reviews of our information security control environment and operating effectiveness. The results of such assessments, audits and reviews are reported to the Audit Committee and the Board, and the Company adjusts its cybersecurity policies, standards, processes and practices as necessary based on the information provided by these assessments, audits and reviews.

Insurance

We maintain information security risk insurance coverage to mitigate potential losses in the event of a business disruption.

For more information regarding cybersecurity risks that we face and potential impacts on our business related thereto, see the risk factor titled, “Our business and operations would suffer in the event of a security breach, system failure, invasion, corruption, destruction or interruption of our or our business partners’ critical information technology systems or infrastructure.”

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