Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

We are subject to various risks that may materially harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. An investment in our common stock is speculative and involves a high degree of risk. In evaluating an investment in our common stock, you should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the other information included in this Form 10-K, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto.

You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties facing our business. The risks described below are not the only risks we face. If any of the events described in the following risk factors actually occurs, or if additional risks and uncertainties later materialize, that are not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial, then our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment in our shares. The risks discussed below include forward-looking statements, and our actual results may differ substantially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Our business is also subject to the risks that affect many other companies, such as employment relations, general economic conditions and geopolitical events. Further, additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may in the future materially and adversely affect our business, operations, liquidity and stock price.

Risk Factor Summary

Below is a summary of the principal factors that make an investment in our common stock speculative or risky. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face. Additional discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary, and other risks that we face, can be found below following this Risk Factor summary and should be carefully considered, together with other information in this Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC, before making an investment decision regarding our common stock. Additional discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary, and other risks that we face, can be found below under the heading “Risk Factors” and should be carefully considered, together with other information in this Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC, before making an investment decision regarding our common stock.

Risks Associated With Our Business:

Risks Associated With Drug Discovery and Development:

General Risk Factors:

Risks Associated With Our Business

We have operated at a loss and will likely continue to operate at a loss for the foreseeable future.

We have operated at a loss due to our ongoing expenditures for research and development of our product candidates and for general and administrative purposes, and lack of significant recurring revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we realized a net income of $0.4 million, had a loss from operations of $3.8 million , incurred a net loss of $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and had total stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2023 of $0.1 million. We have had no recurring revenue, and we are likely to continue to incur losses unless and until we conclude a successful strategic partnership or financing for our LADR™ technology. These losses, among other things, have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with our product development efforts, we are unable to predict when we may become profitable, if at all. If we do not become profitable or are unable to maintain future profitability, the market value of our common stock will be adversely affected. These factors individually and collectively raise a substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our independent registered public accounting firm has included an explanatory paragraph in its report as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 expressing substantial doubt in our ability to continue as a going concern based on our recurring and continuing losses from operations and our need for additional funding to continue operations. Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this going concern uncertainty and have been prepared under the assumption that we will continue to operate as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, we may be forced to liquidate our assets which would have an adverse impact on our business and developmental activities. In such a scenario, the values we receive for our assets in liquidation or dissolution could be significantly lower than the values reflected in our financial statements. The reaction of investors to the inclusion of a going concern statement by our independent registered public accounting firm and our potential inability to continue as a going concern may materially adversely affect our stock price and our ability to raise new capital or to enter into strategic alliances.

Because we have no source of significant recurring revenue, we must depend on capital raising to sustain our operations, and our ability to raise capital may be severely limited.

Developing products and conducting clinical trials require substantial amounts of capital. We need to raise additional capital to fund our general and administrative expenses and, if we determine to develop products based on our LADR™ technology platform, we will need to raise additional capital to fund development of product candidates, prepare, file, prosecute, maintain, enforce and defend patent and other proprietary rights, and develop and implement sales, marketing and distribution capabilities. However, capital raising has been significantly challenging.

At December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $2.1 million. The continuation of the Company as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to obtain necessary debt or equity financing to continue operations until it begins generating positive cash flow. No assurance can be given that any future financing will be available or, if available, that it will be on terms that are satisfactory to us. Even if we are able to obtain additional financing, it may contain undue restrictions on our operations, in the case of debt financing or cause substantial dilution for our stockholders, in case of equity financing.

If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to stockholders may result and new investors could have rights superior to current equity holders. In addition, debt financing, if available, may include restrictive covenants. If adequate funds are not available to us, we may have to liquidate some or all of our assets or delay or reduce the scope of or eliminate some portion or all of our development programs. We also may have to license to other companies our product candidates or technologies that we would prefer to develop and commercialize ourselves.

If either Zevra or ImmunityBio fail to successfully develop and commercialize arimoclomol and aldoxorubicin, respectively, our business prospects will be materially adversely affected.

In June 2023, we entered into the Royalty Agreement with XOMA, for the sale, transfer, assignment and conveyance of our right, title and interest in and to certain royalty payments and milestone payments with respect to aldoxorubicin, and the Assignment Agreement with XOMA for the sale, transfer, assignment and conveyance of our right, title and interest in the 2011 Arimoclomol Agreement between us and Orphazyme and assigned to Zevra Denmark, effective as of June 1, 2022, which includes certain royalty and milestone payments with respect to arimoclomol. Under this Royalty Agreement, we are entitled to (i) a one-time payment of $1 million upon acceptance of a re-submission of a NDA to the FDA for arimoclomol, and a one-time payment of $1 million upon first invoiced sale in certain territories of a pharmaceutical product derived from arimoclomol as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, subject to the receipt of the applicable regulatory approval required to sell such a product in such countries. In January 2024, Zevra announced the FDA had accepted the NDA for arimoclomol, and we received the one-time payment of $1 million in February 2024.

Pursuant to the Royalty Agreement, we also agreed to sell, transfer, assign and convey to XOMA, among other payments, all royalty payments and regulatory and commercial milestone payments payable to us pursuant to the 2017 License Agreement. The Royalty Agreement also provides for the sharing of certain rights with XOMA to bring any action, demand, proceeding or claim as related to receiving such payments and $4 million upon FDA approval of aldoxorubicin.

The potential revenue from our arrangement with Zevra and ImmunityBio is based on contingent payments, which will depend upon their ability to achieve regulatory approvals and successfully market and sell products derived from arimoclomol and aldoxorubicin. We will not be involved in this process and will depend entirely on Zevra and ImmunityBio, which may fail to develop or effectively commercialize products derived from arimoclomol and aldoxorubicin, respectively, for many reasons, including if they:

● decide not to devote the necessary resources due to internal constraints, such as limited personnel with the requisite scientific expertise, limited cash resources or specialized equipment limitations, or the belief that other drug development programs may have a higher likelihood of obtaining regulatory approval or may potentially generate a greater return on investment;

● do not have sufficient resources necessary to carry arimoclomol or aldoxorubicin through clinical development, regulatory approval and commercialization;

● cannot obtain the necessary regulatory approvals for arimoclomol or aldoxorubicin; or

● decide to pursue a competitive drug candidate.

If Zevra or ImmunityBio do not obtain the applicable regulatory approvals for arimoclomol or aldoxorubicin that are necessary to trigger the corresponding milestone payments to us under our the Royalty Agreement and the Assignment Agreement, if their research and development or commercialization efforts are, otherwise, unsuccessful, or if they fail to develop or effectively commercialize arimoclomol or aldoxorubicin for any of the other reasons described above, we may not be able to develop and commercialize that drug independently or replace Zevra or ImmunityBio with another suitable partner in a reasonable period of time, and we will not realize the anticipated commercial benefits of the arrangement which could adversely affect our business prospects and financial condition.

Risks Associated With Drug Discovery and Development

If the projected development goals for our product candidates are not achieved in the expected time frames, the commercialization of our products may be delayed and our business prospects may suffer. Our financial projections also may prove to be materially inaccurate.

From time to time, we estimate the timing of the accomplishment of various scientific, clinical, regulatory and other product development goals, which we sometimes refer to as milestones. These milestones may include the commencement or completion of scientific studies and clinical trials and the submission of regulatory filings.

We also may disclose projected expenditures or other forecasts for future periods. These and other financial projections are based on management’s current expectations and do not contain any margin of error or cushion for any specific uncertainties, or for the uncertainties inherent in all financial forecasting.

The actual timing of milestones and actual expenditures or other financial results can vary dramatically compared to our estimates, in some cases for reasons beyond our control or the control of companies that have licensed or purchased our product candidates. If these milestones or financial projections are not met, the development and commercialization of our product candidates may be delayed and our business prospects may suffer. The assumptions management has used to produce these projections may significantly change or prove to be inaccurate. Accordingly, you should not unduly rely on any of these financial projections.

The regulatory approval process is lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable, and if our products or those we have sold or licensed are not successfully developed and approved by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, we may be forced to reduce or curtail our operations.

All of our product candidates in development or those licensed or sold must be approved by the FDA or corresponding foreign governmental agencies before they can be marketed. The process for obtaining FDA and foreign government approvals is both time-consuming and costly, with no certainty of a successful outcome. This process typically includes the conduct of extensive pre-clinical and clinical testing, including post-approval testing, which may take longer or cost more than we or our licensees, if any, anticipate, and may prove unsuccessful due to numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. None of our product candidates in development or licensed or sold to third parties have received regulatory approval.

Numerous factors could affect the timing, cost or outcome of product development efforts, including the following:

It is possible that none of the product candidates we develop or have sold or licensed will obtain the regulatory approvals necessary for us to begin selling them or making us eligible to receive milestone or royalty payments. The time required to obtain FDA and foreign governmental approvals is unpredictable, but often can take years following the commencement of clinical trials, depending upon the complexity of the product candidate. Any analysis performed on data from clinical activities is subject to confirmation and interpretation by regulatory authorities, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. In addition, even if regulatory approval was obtained, regulatory authorities may approve any product candidates for fewer or more limited indications than requested, may not approve the intended price for such products, may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials, or may approve a product candidate with a label that does not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of that product candidate. Any of the foregoing scenarios could materially harm the commercial prospects for the product candidates that we develop, have sold or licensed.

Furthermore, even if regulatory approvals are obtained, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, import, export, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for the product will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as continued compliance with current good manufacturing practices (“cGMPs”), and good clinical practices (“cGCPs”), for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with third-party manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things:

The FDA’s policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business. We will also be subject to periodic inspections and the potential for mandatory post- approval clinical trials required by the FDA and other U.S. and foreign regulatory authorities. Any delay or failure in obtaining required approvals or to comply with post-approval regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenue from the particular product candidate. The failure to comply with any post-approval regulatory requirements also could result in the rescission of the related regulatory approvals or the suspension of sales of the offending product.

Clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results.

Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. The results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical trials. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials. For example, aldoxorubicin has shown encouraging preliminary clinical results in our Phase 2b clinical trial as a treatment for STS. These conclusions may not be reproduced in future clinical trial results. For instance, the Phase 3 pivotal clinical trial testing aldoxorubicin as a treatment for STS narrowly missed statistical significance although it demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in PFS over investigator’s choice in 312 patients treated in North America and Australia. Accordingly, our development partner may ultimately be unable to provide the FDA and/or other U.S. and foreign regulatory authorities with satisfactory data on clinical safety and efficacy sufficient to obtain approval from the FDA of aldoxorubicin for any indication.

Further delays may occur in clinical trials of product candidates. We do not know whether ongoing clinical trials will be completed on schedule or at all, or whether planned clinical trials will begin on time, need to be redesigned, enroll patients on time or be completed on schedule, if at all. Clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including delays related to:

We may be unable to protect our intellectual property rights, which could adversely affect our ability to compete effectively.

We will be able to protect our technologies from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that we have rights to valid and enforceable patents or other proprietary rights that cover them. Although we have rights to patents and patent applications directed to our product candidates, these patents and applications may not prevent third parties from developing or commercializing similar or identical technologies. In addition, our patents may be held to be invalid if challenged by third parties, and our patent applications may not result in the issuance of patents.

The patent positions of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in biotechnology patents has emerged to date in the United States and in many foreign countries. The application and enforcement of patent laws and regulations in foreign countries is even more uncertain. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively file, protect or defend our proprietary rights on a consistent basis. Many of the patents and patent applications on which we rely were issued or filed by third parties prior to the time we acquired rights to them. The validity, enforceability and ownership of those patents and patent applications may be challenged, and if a court decides that our patents are not valid, we will not have the right to stop others from using our inventions. There is also the risk that, even if the validity of our patents is upheld, a court may refuse to stop others on the ground that their activities do not infringe our patents.

Any litigation brought by us to protect our intellectual property rights could be costly and have a material adverse effect on our operating results or financial condition, make it more difficult for us to enter into strategic alliances with third parties to develop our products, or discourage our existing licensees from continuing their development work on our potential products. If our patent coverage is insufficient to prevent third parties from developing or commercializing similar or identical technologies, the value of our assets is likely to be materially and adversely affected.

Moreover, we may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art or become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review or interference proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. The costs of defending our patents or enforcing our proprietary rights in post-issuance administrative proceedings and litigation can be substantial and the outcome can be uncertain. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.

We have not pursued or maintained, and may not pursue or maintain in the future, patent protection for our product candidates in every country or territory in which we may sell our products, if approved. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing our patents in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products that infringe our patents in and into the United States or other jurisdictions.

Indeed, several companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of some countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property rights, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our intellectual property rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful.

Furthermore, the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and product candidates. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our intellectual property may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

Moreover, the scope claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued, and its scope can be reinterpreted after issuance. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws may diminish the value of our or our collaborators’ patents or narrow the scope of such patent protection and could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our or any future collaborators’ patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any issued patents. Even if the patent applications we license or own do issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors or other third parties from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors or other third parties may be able to circumvent our patents by developing similar or alternative products in a non-infringing manner.

Some of our technologies and processes do not fulfill the requirements for patent or trademark protection or are not protected by patent or trademark rights for other reasons, e.g., secrecy. We therefore also rely on certain proprietary trade secrets and know-how, especially where we believe patent protection is not appropriate or obtainable. Trade secrets and know-how are difficult to protect. Although we have taken measures to protect our unpatented trade secrets and know-how, including the use of confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants and some of our contractors, it is possible that these persons may disclose our trade secrets or know-how or that our competitors may independently develop or otherwise discover our trade secrets and know-how.

There is no guarantee, however, that such agreements will not be breached, that they will provide sufficient protection for our business secrets and proprietary information or that adequate remedies will be available in the event of an unauthorized use or disclosure of such information. It cannot be excluded that we do not have, or cannot enforce, legal remedies that are effective at economically acceptable costs. Further, the violation of a non-disclosure agreement might be difficult to prove because business secrets and know- how may be developed independently by, or become otherwise known to, third parties. In addition, it may be difficult to quantify the damages which have occurred and to obtain legal remediation, or to undo the damages caused, by legal remedies. Our failure to effectively protect our business secrets and know-how could have material adverse effects on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

If our product candidates infringe or otherwise violate the rights of others, we could be subject to expensive litigation or be required to obtain licenses from others to develop or market them.

Our commercial success also depends upon our ability, and the ability of any third party with which we may partner, to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates and/or products, if approved, and use our patent-protected technologies without infringing the patents of third parties. There is considerable patent litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. As the biopharmaceutical industry expands and more patents are issued, we face increased risks that there may be patents issued to third parties that relate to our product candidates and technology of which we are not aware or that we must challenge to continue our operations as currently contemplated.

Our competitors or others may have patent rights that they choose to assert against us or our licensees, suppliers, customers or potential collaborators. Moreover, we may not know about patents or patent applications that our products would infringe. For example, because patent applications do not publish for at least 18 months, if at all, and can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications unknown to us that may later result in issued patents that our product candidates would infringe. In addition, if third parties file patent applications or obtain patents claiming technology also claimed by us or our licensors in issued patents or pending applications, we may have to participate in interference proceedings in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to determine priority of invention. If third parties file oppositions in foreign countries, we may also have to participate in opposition proceedings in foreign tribunals to defend the patentability of our foreign patent applications.

If a third-party claims that we are infringing on its proprietary rights, any of the following may occur:

If any of these events occurs, our business and prospects will suffer and the market price of our common stock will likely decline substantially.

Obtaining and maintaining patent protection depends on compliance with various procedures and other requirements, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated in case of non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications will be due to the relevant patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patents and /or applications. The relevant patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent application process. In many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However, there are situations in which the failure to comply with the relevant requirements can result in the abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, our competitors might be able to use our technologies and know-how which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operation.

If we fail to comply with our obligations under our license agreements, we could lose the rights to intellectual property that is important to our business.

Our current license agreements impose on us various development obligations, payment of royalties and fees based on achieving certain milestones as well as other obligations. If we fail to comply with our obligations under these agreements, the licensor may have the right to terminate the license. In addition, if the licensor fails to enforce its intellectual property, the licensed rights may not be adequately maintained. The termination of any license agreements or failure to adequately protect such license agreements could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or possible future products covered by the licensed intellectual property. Any of these events could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operation.

We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

Our employees may have been previously employed at other companies in the industry, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we are not aware of any claims currently pending against us, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of the former employers of our employees. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying money claims, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize product(s), which would materially adversely affect our commercial development efforts.

The results of pre-clinical studies or early clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results, and our ultra-high potency albumin-binding drug conjugates may not have favorable results in later clinical trials or receive regulatory approval.

Success in pre-clinical studies and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will generate adequate data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of our ultra-high potency albumin-binding drug conjugates. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including those with greater resources and experience than we have, have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials, even after seeing promising results in earlier clinical trials. We do not know whether the clinical trials we may conduct will demonstrate adequate efficacy and safety to result in regulatory approval to market them in any particular jurisdiction. If our clinical trials do not produce favorable results, our ability to achieve regulatory approval for these drug candidates will be adversely impacted and the value of our stock may decline.

The successful commercialization of our product candidates that are approved for marketing in the United States, if any, and/or any other products that we or our partners may commercialize in the future will likely depend, in-part, on the coverage and reimbursement policies of third-party payors, which, if unfavorable, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The commercial success of our product candidates that are approved for marketing in the United States, if any, as well as any other products that we may or our partners may commercialize in the future, may depend, in significant part, on the extent to such products will be covered and reimbursed by third-party payors, including government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, private insurers, and managed care organizations. Patients for whom prescription drugs are prescribed and prescribing practitioners generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Without adequate coverage and reimbursement, patients and providers are unlikely to use or prescribe any products that we or our partners may commercialize or from which we may, otherwise, generate revenue in connection with commercial sales.

There is significant uncertainty related to the insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products. In the United States, there is no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement. Accordingly, third-party payors, including private insurers and governmental payors, such as Medicare and Medicaid, play an important role in determining the extent to which new drugs and biologics will be covered and reimbursed. The Medicare program covers certain individuals aged 65 or older, as well as certain people under 65 with disabilities and individuals suffering from end-stage renal disease. The Medicaid program, which varies from state-to-state, covers eligible individuals and families who have limited financial means. The Medicare and Medicaid programs are increasingly used as models for how private payors and other governmental payors develop their coverage and reimbursement policies for drugs and biologics. It is difficult to predict at this time what third-party payors will decide with respect to the coverage and reimbursement for our product candidates and any other products we or our partners may commercialize or to which we may have commercialization rights or interests.

Third-party payors may deny coverage or reimbursement if they determine that a medical product was not used in accordance with cost-effective treatment methods, as determined by the third-party payor, and most, if not all, payors will deny coverage for products used or administered for an unapproved indication. Third-party payors also typically refuse to cover and reimburse for experimental procedures and devices. Furthermore, third-party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and services. And, the U.S. government and state legislatures have shown significant interest in implementing healthcare cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement, discount and rebate requirements, and requirements for substitution of generic products. Such measures, and the enactment of any more restrictive updates thereto and/or new measures could further limit our potential profitability and commercial success in connection with any products we or our partners may market in the United States. We cannot predict whether, or the extent to which, government and/or private payors will cover any products we or our partners may commercialize in the future, and there can be no assurances that such coverage and reimbursement levels, as applicable, will be sufficient to allow us to profit from the commercial sale of such product(s) in light of our costs from development and other related activities and any current or future arrangements with our development and/or commercialization partners.

Any products that we develop or are sold or licensed may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations and/or third-party coverage and reimbursement policies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our product candidates are intended to be marketed primarily to hospitals, which generally receive reimbursement for the health care services they provide to their patients from third-party payors, such as Medicare, Medicaid and other domestic and international government programs, private insurance plans and managed care programs.

Such drugs will likely need to be administered under the supervision of a physician. Under currently applicable law, drugs that are not usually self-administered may be eligible for coverage by the Medicare program if:

There is significant uncertainty related to the insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products. In the United States, third-party payors, including private and governmental payors, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs, play an important role in determining the extent to which new drugs and biologics will be covered and reimbursed. The Medicare program covers certain individuals aged 65 or older, disabled or suffering from end-stage renal disease. The Medicaid program, which varies from state-to-state, covers certain individuals and families who have limited financial means. The Medicare and Medicaid programs increasingly are used as models for how private payors and other governmental payors develop their coverage and reimbursement policies for drugs and biologics. It is difficult to predict at this time what third-party payors will decide with respect to the coverage and reimbursement for our product candidates.

Most third-party payors may deny coverage or reimbursement if they determine that a medical product was not used in accordance with cost-effective treatment methods, as determined by the third-party payor, or was used for an unapproved indication. Third-party payors also may refuse to cover and reimburse for experimental procedures and devices. Furthermore, because our programs are in the early stages of development, we are unable at this time to determine their cost-effectiveness and the level or method of reimbursement. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices, and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. If the price we are able to charge for any products we develop is inadequate in light of our development and other costs, our profitability could be adversely affected.

Healthcare legislative reform measures could hinder or prevent the commercial success of our products and product candidates.

In the United States, there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system that could affect our future revenues and profitability. Federal and state lawmakers regularly propose and, at times, enact legislation that results in significant changes to the healthcare system, some of which are intended to contain or reduce the costs of medical products and services. For example, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the “ACA”), as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or collectively, the “Healthcare Reform Law,” became law in the United States. It contains a number of provisions regarding health insurance, the provision of healthcare, conditions to reimbursement for healthcare services provided to Medicare and Medicaid patients, and other healthcare policy reforms. Through the law-making process, substantial changes have been and continue to be made to the current system for paying for healthcare in the United States, including changes made to extend medical benefits to certain Americans who lacked insurance coverage and to contain or reduce healthcare costs (such as by reducing or conditioning reimbursement amounts for healthcare services and drugs, and imposing additional taxes, fees, and rebate obligations on pharmaceutical and medical device companies). This legislation was one of the most comprehensive and significant reforms ever experienced by the United States in the healthcare industry and has significantly changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. This legislation has impacted the scope of healthcare insurance and incentives for consumers and insurance companies, among others. Additionally, the Healthcare Reform Law’s provisions were designed to encourage providers to find cost savings in their clinical operations. Pharmaceuticals represent a significant portion of the cost of providing care. This environment has caused changes in the purchasing habits of consumers and providers and resulted in specific attention to the pricing negotiation, product selection and utilization review surrounding pharmaceuticals. This attention may result in any products we may commercialize or promote in the future, and/or our therapeutic candidates, as applicable, being chosen less frequently or subject to substantially lowered pricing.

These structural changes could entail further modifications to the existing system of private payors and government programs (such as Medicare, Medicaid, and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program), creation of government-sponsored healthcare insurance sources, or some combination of both, as well as other changes. Restructuring the coverage of medical care in the U.S. could impact the reimbursement for prescribed drugs and pharmaceuticals, including our current commercial products, those we and our development or commercialization partners are currently developing or those that we may commercialize or promote in the future. If reimbursement for the products we currently commercialize or promote, any product we may commercialize or promote, or approved therapeutic candidates is substantially reduced or otherwise adversely affected in the future, or rebate obligations associated with them are substantially increased, it could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Further, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which drug manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which have resulted in several recent Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted bills designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to prescription drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products. In addition, the United States government, state legislatures, and foreign governments have shown significant interest in implementing drug cost containment programs, including price-controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products for branded prescription drugs to limit the growth of government paid health care costs. For example, the United States government has passed legislation requiring pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide rebates and discounts to certain entities and governmental payors to participate in federal healthcare programs. Further, Congress and the current administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs, and the current administration recently released a “Blueprint”, or plan, to reduce the cost of drugs. The current administration’s Blueprint contains certain measures that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is already working to implement. Individual states in the United States have also been increasingly passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

We anticipate there will continue to be proposals by legislators at both the federal and state levels, regulators and commercial payers to reduce prescription drug costs while expanding individual healthcare benefits. Additional changes that may affect our business include those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs, reimbursement changes, fraud and abuse enforcement, and expansion of new programs, such as Medicare payment for performance initiatives. The ultimate implementation of any healthcare reform legislation and any new laws and regulations, and its impact on us, is impossible to predict. Any significant reforms made to the healthcare system in the United States, or in other jurisdictions, may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may also be subject to federal and state healthcare laws and regulations relating to our current and/or future operations, and our failure to comply with those laws could adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.

If we obtain FDA approval for any of our product candidates and begin commercializing those products in the United States, our operations may be directly, or indirectly through our customers, subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal False Claims Act, and physician sunshine laws and regulations. These laws may impact, among other things, our proposed sales, marketing, and education programs. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include:

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the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, any person from knowingly and willfully offering, soliciting, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce either the referral of an individual, for an item or service or the purchasing or ordering of a good or service, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. In addition, the federal government has identified relationships between drug companies (and other medical-product manufacturers) and healthcare providers as particularly susceptible to fraud and abuse and, thus, our relationships may be subject to heightened regulatory scrutiny, particularly once we have one or more products on the U.S. market, if ever. Further, many of the applicable healthcare laws and regulations are subject to varying and/or evolving interpretations, which makes achieving and maintaining consistent compliance more difficult.

Achieving and sustaining compliance with these laws may prove costly. In addition, any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, the exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, imprisonment, or the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results.

We will be required to pay substantial milestone and other payments relating to the commercialization of our products.

The agreement relating to our worldwide rights to arimoclomol provides for our payment of up to an aggregate of $3.65 million upon receipt of milestone payments from Orphayzme A/S. On May 31, 2022, Orphazyme announced that it had completed the sale of substantially all of its assets and business activities for cash consideration of $12.8 million and assumption of liabilities estimated to equal approximately $5.2 million to KemPharm, a specialty biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery and development of novel treatments for rare CNS diseases. As part of the KemPharm Transaction, all of Orphazyme’s obligations to LadRx under the 2011 Arimoclomol Agreement, including with regard to milestone payments and royalties on sales, were assumed by KemPharm.

As part of the Royalty Purchase Agreement entered into with XOMA in June 2023, XOMA assumes all but $0.4 million of the payment due under the preceding agreement.

The COVID-19 endemic and its ongoing effects could adversely impact our business and prospects, including active and planned clinical trials by ImmunityBio and Zevra.

In May 2023, the World Health Organization determined that COVID-19 no longer fit the definition of a public health emergency and the declaration of a public health emergency associated with COVID-19 subsequently expired on May 11, 2023.

As the COVID-19 endemic and its ongoing effects continue to evolve, the companies which we are working to develop and commercialize our products, ImmunityBio and Zevra, could be materially and adversely affected by the risks, or the public perception of the risks, related to the COVID-19 endemic and its ongoing effects, including but not limited to, reinstatement of government-imposed quarantines, limitations on business activity and shelter-in-place mandates to mitigate or contain the virus, which could cause delays in our potential timing of receipts of milestones and royalties within the disclosed time periods and expected costs. The disruptions to ImmunityBio and Zevra could include:

The extent to which the COVID-19 endemic and its ongoing effects may impact our business and prospects will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the duration of the endemic, new variants of the coronavirus, reinstatement of travel restrictions and social distancing in the United States and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and treat the disease.

In the event of a dispute regarding our international drug development, it may be necessary for us to resolve the dispute in the foreign country of dispute, where we would be faced with unfamiliar laws and procedures.

The resolution of disputes in foreign countries can be costly and time consuming, similar to the situation in the United States. In a foreign country, we face the additional burden of understanding unfamiliar laws and procedures. We may not be entitled to a jury trial, as we might be in the United States. Further, to litigate in any foreign country, we would be faced with the necessity of hiring lawyers and other professionals who are familiar with the foreign laws. For these reasons, we may incur unforeseen expenses if we are forced to resolve a dispute in a foreign country.

Drug discovery is a complex, time-consuming and expensive process, and we may not succeed in creating new product candidates.

Conducting drug discovery and pre-clinical development of our albumin-binding technology is a complex and expensive process that will take many years. Accordingly, we cannot be sure whether or when our drug discovery and pre-clinical development activities will succeed in developing any new product candidates. In addition, any product candidates that we develop in pre-clinical testing may not demonstrate success in clinical trials required for marketing approval.

Any deficiency in the design, implementation or oversight of our drug discovery and pre-clinical testing programs could cause us to incur significant additional costs, experience significant delays, prevent us from obtaining marketing approval for any product candidate that may result from these programs or abandon development of certain product candidates. If any of these risks materializes, it could harm our business and cause our stock price to decline.

General Risk Factors

We are subject to intense competition, and we may not compete successfully.

Many companies, including large pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms with financial resources, research and development staffs, and facilities that may be substantially greater than those of ours or our strategic partners or licensees, are engaged in the research and development of pharmaceutical products that could compete with our potential products. To the extent that we seek to acquire, through license or otherwise, existing or potential new products, we will be competing with numerous other companies, many of which will have substantially greater financial resources and large acquisition staffs that may give those companies a competitive advantage over us in identifying and evaluating these drug acquisition opportunities. Any products that we acquire will be competing with products marketed by companies that in many cases will have substantially greater marketing resources than we have. The industry is characterized by rapid technological advances and competitors may develop their products more rapidly and such products may be more effective than those currently under development or that may be developed in the future by our strategic partners or licensees. Competitive products for a number of the disease indications that we have targeted are currently being marketed by other parties, and additional competitive products are under development and may also include products currently under development that we are not aware of or products that may be developed in the future.

As a result, these competitors may:

● succeed in developing competitive products sooner than us or our strategic partners or licensees;

● obtain FDA or foreign governmental approvals for their products before we can obtain approval of any of our products;

● obtain patents that block or otherwise inhibit the development and commercialization of our product candidate candidates;

● develop products that are safer or more effective than our products;

● devote greater resources than us to marketing or selling products;

● introduce or adapt more quickly than us to new technologies and other scientific advances;

● introduce products that render our products obsolete;

● withstand price competition more successfully than us or our strategic partners or licensees;

● negotiate third-party strategic alliances or licensing arrangements more effectively than us; and

● take better advantage than us of other opportunities.

We are subject to potential liabilities from clinical testing and future product liability claims.

If any of our products are alleged to be defective, they may expose us to claims for personal injury by patients in clinical trials of our products or, if we obtain marketing approval and commercialize our products, by patients using our commercially marketed products. Even if one or more of our products is approved by the FDA, users may claim that such products caused unintended adverse effects. We maintain clinical trial insurance for our ongoing clinical trials, and we plan to seek to obtain similar insurance for any other clinical trials that we conduct. We also would seek to obtain product liability insurance covering the commercial marketing of our product candidates. We may not be able to obtain additional insurance, however, and any insurance obtained by us may prove inadequate in the event of a claim against us. Any claims asserted against us also may divert management’s attention from our operations, and we may have to incur substantial costs to defend such claims even if they are unsuccessful.

We may be unable to successfully acquire additional technologies or products. If we require additional technologies or products, our product development plans may change and the ownership interests of our shareholders could be diluted.

We may seek to acquire additional technologies by licensing or purchasing such technologies, or through a merger or acquisition of one or more companies that own such technologies. We have no current understanding or agreement to acquire any technologies, however, and we may not be able to identify or successfully acquire any additional technologies. We also may seek to acquire products from third parties that already are being marketed or have been approved for marketing, although we have not currently identified any of these products. We do not have any prior experience in acquiring or marketing products approved for marketing and may need to find third parties to market any products that we might acquire.

We have focused our product development efforts on our oncology and neurodegenerative drug candidates, which we believe have the greatest revenue potential. If we acquire additional technologies or product candidates, we may determine to make further changes to our product development plans and business strategy to capitalize on opportunities presented by the new technologies and product candidates.

We may determine to issue shares of our common stock to acquire additional technologies or products or in connection with a merger or acquisition of another company. To the extent we do so, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted accordingly.

The impact and results of our exploration of any strategic alternatives are uncertain and may not be successful.

From time to time, we may consider strategic alternatives available to us to enhance shareholder value. Strategic alternatives could include acquisition transactions and/or strategic partnerships with one or more parties, the licensing of some of our proprietary technologies, or other possible transactions. Any strategic transaction that is completed ultimately may not deliver the anticipated benefits or enhance shareholder value. Further, we may devote a significant amount of our management resources to such a transaction, which could negatively impact our operations. We may incur significant costs in connection with seeking certain acquisitions or other strategic opportunities regardless of whether the transaction is completed, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and capital resources. In the event that we consummate an acquisition or strategic alternative in the future, there is no assurance that we would fully realize the potential benefits of such a transaction. Integration may be difficult and unpredictable, and acquisition-related integration costs, including certain non-recurring charges, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Moreover, integrating assets and businesses may significantly burden management and internal resources, including the potential loss or unavailability of key personnel. If we fail to successfully integrate any assets and businesses we acquire, we may not fully realize the potential benefits we expect, and our operating results could be adversely affected. If we pay for an acquisition in cash, it would reduce our cash available for operations or cause us to incur additional debt, and if we pay with our stock it could be dilutive to our stockholders.

We rely significantly on information technology and any failure, inadequacy, interruption or security lapse of that technology, including any cybersecurity incidents, could harm our ability to operate our business effectively.

We rely significantly on information technology and any failure, inadequacy, interruption or security lapse of that technology, including any cybersecurity incidents, could harm our ability to operate our business effectively. We maintain sensitive data pertaining to our Company on our computer networks, including information about our development activities, our intellectual property and other proprietary business information. Our internal computer systems and those of third parties with which we contract may be vulnerable to damage from cyber-attacks, computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures, despite the implementation of security measures. System failures, accidents or security breaches could cause interruptions to our operations, including material disruption of our development activities, result in significant data losses or theft of our intellectual property or proprietary business information, and could require substantial expenditures to remedy. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and our development programs could be delayed, any of which would harm our business and operations.

Our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster.

Natural disasters could severely disrupt our operations or the operations of manufacturing facilities and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If a natural disaster, power outage or other event occurred that prevented us from using all or a significant portion of our headquarters, that damaged critical infrastructure, such as manufacturing facilities, or that otherwise disrupted operations, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time. The disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place currently are limited and may not prove adequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Global, market and economic conditions may negatively impact our business, financial condition and share price.

Concerns over inflation, geopolitical issues, the U.S. financial markets, foreign exchange rates, capital and exchange controls, unstable global credit markets and financial conditions and the COVID-19 endemic and its ongoing effects, have led to periods of significant economic instability, declines in consumer confidence and discretionary spending, diminished expectations for the global economy and expectations of slower global economic growth going forward, and increased unemployment rates. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturns, volatile business environments and continued unstable or unpredictable economic and market conditions. If these conditions continue to deteriorate or do not improve, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to complete, more costly, and more dilutive. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our current or future service providers and other partners could be negatively affected by difficult economic times, which could adversely affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget or meet our business and financial objectives.

In addition, we face several risks associated with international business and are subject to global events beyond our control, including war, public health crises, such as endemics and epidemics, trade disputes, economic sanctions, trade wars and their collateral impacts and other international events. Any of these changes could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations. There may be changes to our business if there is instability, disruption or destruction in a significant geographic region, regardless of cause, including war, terrorism, riot, civil insurrection or social unrest; and natural or man-made disasters, including famine, flood, fire, earthquake, storm or disease. In February 2022, armed conflict escalated between Russia and Ukraine. The sanctions announced by the United States and other countries, following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine against Russia to date include restrictions on selling or importing goods, services or technology in or from affected regions and travel bans and asset freezes impacting connected individuals and political, military, business and financial organizations in Russia. The United States and other countries could impose wider sanctions and take other actions should the conflict further escalate. It is not possible to predict the broader consequences of this conflict, which could include further sanctions, embargoes, regional instability, geopolitical shifts and adverse effects on macroeconomic conditions, currency exchange rates and financial markets, all of which could impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to inflationary risk

The Company does not believe that inflation has had a material effect on its operations to date, other than the impact of inflation on the general economy. However, there is a risk that the Company’s operating costs could become subject to inflationary pressures in the future, which would have the effect of increasing the Company’s operating costs, and which would put additional stress on the Company’s working capital resources.

We may not be successful in hiring and retaining key employees, which may harm our business.

Our business is highly dependent upon the continued services of our senior management and key personnel. As such, our future success depends on our ability to identify, attract, hire or engage, retain, and motivate well-qualified personnel. Our operations require qualified personnel with expertise in pharmaceutical development and clinical research. Our operations require qualified personnel with expertise in pharmaceutical development and clinical research We must compete for qualified individuals with numerous companies, universities, and other research institutions. We must compete for qualified individuals with numerous companies, universities, and other research institutions. Competition for such individuals is intense, and, when the need arises, we may not be able to hire the personnel necessary to support our efforts. There can be no assurance that these professionals will be available in the market, or that we will be able to retain existing professionals or to meet or to continue to meet their compensation requirements.

An overall tightening and increasingly competitive labor market in the U.S. employment market generally, especially in response to the COVID-19 endemic, has been observed in the United States. Sustained labor shortage or increased turnover rates within our employee base, caused by the COVID-19 endemic or as a result of general macroeconomic factors, could lead to increased costs, such as increased overtime to meet demand and increased wage rates to attract and retain employees, and could negatively affect our ability to efficiently operate and our overall business. Sustained labor shortage or increased turnover rates within our employee base, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic or as a result of general macroeconomic factors, could lead to increased costs, such as increased overtime to meet demand and increased wage rates to attract and retain employees, and could negatively affect our ability to efficiently operate and our overall business. If we are unable to hire and retain employees capable of performing at a high-level, or if mitigation measures we may take to respond to a decrease in labor availability, such as third-party outsourcing have unintended negative effects, our business could be adversely affected. An overall labor shortage, lack of skilled labor, increased turnover or labor inflation, caused by the COVID-19 endemic or as a result of general macroeconomic factors, could have a material adverse impact on our operations, results of operations, liquidity or cash flows. An overall labor shortage, lack of skilled labor, increased turnover or labor inflation, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic or as a result of general macroeconomic factors, could have a material adverse impact on our operations, results of operations, liquidity or cash flows.

You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings or other equity issuances.

To raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of our common stock, preferred stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock. We cannot assure you that we will be able to sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is equal to or greater than the price per share that you may have paid for any of such securities that you currently hold. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share that you may have paid for previously for shares of our common stock. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities or obtaining borrowings convertible into equity, ownership dilution to existing stockholders may result and future investors may be granted rights superior to those of existing stockholders.

Our outstanding options, warrants, convertible preferred shares, preferred investment option and the availability for resale of the underlying shares may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding stock options to purchase 14,000 shares of our common stock at a weighted-average exercise price of $501.70 per share and outstanding warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 42 shares of common stock at a weighted-average exercise price of $3,360.00 per share.

We have registered with the SEC the resale by the holders of some of the shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise or conversion (as applicable) of our outstanding convertible instruments. The availability of these shares for public resale, as well as actual resales of these shares, could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

On July 27, 2022, at our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, the Company’s stockholders approved a proposal to authorize the Board, in its discretion but prior to July 26, 2023, to amend the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse stock split of all of the outstanding shares of the Company’s Common Stock, at a ratio in the range of 1-for-2 to 1-for-100, with such ratio to be determined by the Board, and all outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock were automatically redeemed. As a result, no shares of Series D Preferred Stock remain outstanding.

We cannot assure investors that our internal controls will prevent future material weaknesses.

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal controls for financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. We are required to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment needs to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting.

There can be no assurance that we will not suffer from material weaknesses in the future. If we fail to remediate these material weaknesses or fail to otherwise maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting in the future, such failure could result in a material misstatement of our annual or quarterly consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis and which could cause investors and other users to lose confidence in our consolidated financial statements, limit our ability to raise capital and have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock. Additionally, failure to remediate the material weaknesses or otherwise failing to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting may also negatively impact our operating results and financial condition, impair our ability to timely file our periodic and other reports with the SEC, subject us to additional litigation and regulatory actions and cause us to incur substantial additional costs in future periods relating to the implementation of remedial measures.

We are subject to legal actions that could adversely affect our financial condition.

From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. Securities-related class action and derivative lawsuits have often been brought against companies, including many biotechnology companies, which experience volatility in the market price of their securities. This risk is especially relevant for biotechnology and biopharmaceutical companies such as ours, which often experience significant stock price volatility in connection with their product development programs.

We must pay the first legal fees and other litigation expenses incurred up to the application retention, or deductible, amounts under our insurance policies, including our director’s and officer’s and other liability insurance policies, and the insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of the liabilities that we may incur in connection with the pending or possible future legal actions. As a result, any future legal actions may adversely affect out financial condition.

Our anti-takeover measures may make it more difficult to change our management, or may discourage others from acquiring us, and thereby adversely affect stockholder value.

We have a stockholder rights plan and provisions in our amended and restated by-laws (the “Bylaws”), as amended, that are intended to protect our stockholders’ interests by encouraging anyone seeking control of our company to negotiate with our Board. These provisions may discourage or prevent a person or group from acquiring us without the approval of our Board, even if the acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders.

We have a classified Board, which means that at least two stockholder meetings, instead of one, will be required to effect a change in the majority control of our Board. This applies to every election of directors, not just an election occurring after a change in control. The classification of our board increases the amount of time it takes to change majority control of our Board and may cause potential acquirers to lose interest in a potential purchase of us, regardless of whether our purchase would be beneficial to us or our stockholders. The additional time and cost to change a majority of the members of our board of directors makes it more difficult and may discourage our existing stockholders from seeking to change our existing management in order to change the strategic direction or operational performance of our company.

At the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, a proposal (the “Declassification Proposal”) to declassify the structure of the Board was passed on a precatory basis, which advised the Board that a majority of our stockholders desired to end the classified Board structure in favor of the annual election of directors, in which each director standing for election will only be eligible to be elected for one-year terms.

At the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, the Board adopted a resolution approving and declaring the advisability of amending our governing documents to the extent necessary to remove provisions that provided for a classified Board. This proposal provides for a rolling declassification of the Board to be completed by the 2026 annual meeting of the stockholders. If passed, such a proposal would provide for a rolling declassification of the Board to be completed by the 2026 annual meeting of the stockholders.

Our Bylaws provide that directors may only be removed for cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of our capital stock then entitled to vote at an election of directors. This provision prevents stockholders from removing any incumbent director without cause. Our Bylaws also provide that a stockholder must give us not fewer than 120 days but not more than 150 days’ notice of a proposal or director nomination that such stockholder desires to present at any annual meeting or special meeting of our stockholders. Such provision prevents a stockholder from making a proposal or director nomination at a stockholder meeting without us having advance notice of that proposal or director nomination. This could make a change in control more difficult by providing our directors with more time to prepare an opposition to a proposed change in control. By making it more difficult to remove or install new directors, these by-law provisions may also make our existing management less responsive to the views of our stockholders with respect to our operations and other issues such as management selection and management compensation.

We are subject to the anti-takeover provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL, which may also prevent or delay a takeover of us that may be beneficial to our stockholders.

Our Bylaws, as amended, designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees.

Our Bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, or (iv) any action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Any person purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to this provision of our Bylaws. This choice-of-forum provision may limit our stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of our amended and restated by-laws inapplicable or unenforceable with respect to one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We may issue additional classes of preferred stock in the future, and the terms of the preferred stock may reduce the value of our common stock.

We are authorized to issue shares of preferred stock in one or more series. In the past, we have issued shares of preferred stock, including shares of our Preferred Stock issued in 2021. Our Board may determine the terms of future preferred stock offerings without further action by our stockholders. If we issue preferred stock, it could affect your rights or reduce the value of our outstanding common stock. In particular, specific rights granted to future holders of preferred stock may include voting rights, preferences as to dividends and liquidation, conversion and redemption rights, sinking fund provisions, and restrictions on our ability to merge with or sell our assets to a third party.

We do not expect to pay any cash dividends on our common stock.

We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock or other securities, and we currently do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Because we do not anticipate paying cash dividends for the foreseeable future, our stockholders will not realize a return on their investment in our common stock except to the extent of any appreciation in the value of our common stock. Our common stock may not appreciate in value, or it may decline in value.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research and development tax credits) to offset its post-change income and taxes may be limited. In general, an “ownership change” occurs if there is a cumulative change in our ownership by “5% shareholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. As a result of a previous ownership change, our annual utilization of approximately $59.3 million in federal net operating loss carryforwards became substantially limited. If we experience ownership changes as a result of future transactions in our stock, we may be further limited in our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax assets to reduce taxes owed on the net taxable income that we earn. Any such limitations on the ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax assets could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us on any net income that we may earn in the future.

Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

Item 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Risk Management and Strategy

In an effort to protect our business against cybersecurity threats, we have implemented a cybersecurity risk management program that is integrated with our internal risk management processes and designed to identify and protect against cyber threats as well as to respond to and recover from cyber incidents, as applicable. Our cybersecurity risk management program is informed by industry standards, such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework, and is supported by periodic internal and external information security assessments and testing.

We have also established incident response policies and procedures, overseen by our Chief Financial Officer, to review and classify cybersecurity incidents and to define roles and responsibilities for response and remediation in the event of a cyber incident.

In addition, we collaborate with third-party advisory firms to periodically review and evaluate our security measures, which informs our ongoing strategy and execution of our cybersecurity program. We also leverage third-party providers to augment our internal security resources, including to support our ongoing monitoring and threat detection capabilities. We have a process to evaluate certain critical third-party providers before engagement as well as periodically thereafter, which may include a review of available audit reports, security documentation, operating controls, and industry reputation, as well as contractual requirements, as appropriate.

We have not identified any cybersecurity incidents or threats that have materially affected us or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition; however, like other companies in our industry, we and our third-party vendors have from time to time experienced threats and security incidents that could affect our information or systems. For more information, please see our Risk Factors.