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Item 1A. Risk Factors,” and elsewhere herein. Therefore, actual results may differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason.

In this report, unless otherwise specified or the context otherwise requires, “Green Dot,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Green Dot Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, "Green Dot Bank" refers to our wholly owned subsidiary bank, the term "deposit account programs" and "our cards" refers to our Green Dot-branded and co-branded checking accounts, prepaid cards, gift cards and secured credit cards, and the term “prepaid cards” refers to prepaid debit cards. In addition, “prepaid financial services” refers to prepaid cards and associated reload services, a segment of the prepaid card industry.

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PART I

ITEM 1. Business

Overview

Founded in 1999, Green Dot Corporation (“we,” “our,” or “us” refer to Green Dot Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries) is a financial technology platform and registered bank holding company that builds banking and payment solutions to create value, retain and reward customers, and accelerate growth for businesses of all sizes. For more than two decades, we have delivered financial tools and services that address the most pressing financial needs of consumers and businesses, and that transform the way people and businesses manage and move money.

As the regulated entity and issuing bank for the substantial majority of products and services we provide, whether our own or on behalf of our partners, we are directly accountable for all aspects of each program’s integrity, inclusive of ensuring the program’s compliance with all applicable banking regulations, state and federal law and our various internal governance policies and procedures, in addition to deploying enterprise-class risk management practices and procedures to ensure each program’s initial and ongoing safety and soundness. Green Dot Bank is a wholly owned subsidiary of Green Dot Corporation and member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

Proposed Transactions with CommerceOne Financial Corporation and Smith Ventures, LLC

In connection with a strategic review process we commenced in March 2025 (our “strategic review process”), on November 23, 2025, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”), with CommerceOne Financial Corporation, an Alabama corporation (“CommerceOne”), Compass Sub North, Inc., a newly formed Delaware corporation and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of CommerceOne (“New CommerceOne”), Compass Sub East, Inc., a newly formed Delaware corporation and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of New CommerceOne (“Merger Sub One”), and Compass Sub West, Inc., a newly formed Delaware corporation and an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of New CommerceOne (“Merger Sub Two”), pursuant to which, upon the terms and subject to the conditions therein, (i) Merger Sub One will merge with and into CommerceOne, with CommerceOne surviving (the “CommerceOne Merger”), and Merger Sub Two will merge with and into Green Dot Corporation, with Green Dot Corporation surviving (the “Green Dot Merger,” and together with the CommerceOne Merger, the “First Mergers”); and (ii) following the First Mergers, CommerceOne will merge with and into New CommerceOne, with New CommerceOne surviving under the name “CommerceOne Financial Corporation” (together with the First Mergers, the “Mergers”).

Subject to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the First Mergers (the “First Effective Time”), each share of common stock of Green Dot Corporation, issued and outstanding immediately prior to the First Effective Time, other than certain excluded shares held by us, CommerceOne, New CommerceOne or our dissenting stockholders, will be converted into the right to receive (i) 0.2215 shares of the common stock of New CommerceOne and (ii) an amount in cash equal to $8.11 (the “Per Share Cash Consideration”), less any withholding and without interest.

Also on November 23, 2025, we entered into a separation agreement (the “Separation Agreement”), with New CommerceOne and Green Dot OpCo, LLC, a newly formed Delaware limited liability company and affiliate of Smith Ventures LLC, an Alabama limited liability company (“Payments Buyer”), pursuant to which, upon the terms and subject to the conditions therein, following the First Mergers, (i) Green Dot Corporation will convert into a limited liability company, (ii) Green Dot Corporation will distribute the stock of Green Dot Bank to Compass Sub Northwest, Inc., a Delaware corporation and direct, wholly owned subsidiary of New CommerceOne, and (iii) Payments Buyer will acquire Green Dot Corporation and its non-bank financial technology and related assets and operations (the “Payments Business”) for $690 million (the “Payments Sale”), the proceeds of which will be paid to New CommerceOne and are expected to be used to fund the Per Share Cash Consideration and to retire certain indebtedness of Green Dot Corporation.

The Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement were unanimously approved by our Board of Directors. The closing of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement remains subject to the receipt of required regulatory approvals, approval by the stockholders of Green Dot Corporation and CommerceOne and the satisfaction of other customary closing conditions.

For additional information regarding potential risks and uncertainties associated with such transactions, please see Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors below.

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Our Products and Services

We offer a broad spectrum of financial products to consumers and businesses through our portfolio of brands, including: GO2bank, a leading digital and mobile bank account offering simple, secure and useful banking for Americans living paycheck to paycheck; the Green Dot Network of more than 90,000 retail distribution and cash access locations nationwide; Arc by Green Dot, the single-source embedded finance platform combining all of our secure banking and money processing capabilities to power businesses at all stages of growth; rapid! wage and disbursements solutions, providing pay card and earned wage access services to more than 7,000 businesses and their employees; and Santa Barbara Tax Products Group (“SBTPG”), our tax division, which processes on average approximately 13 million tax refunds annually.

Through our brands, we offer several deposit account programs, including:

•Innovative consumer and small business checking account products that allow customers to acquire and manage their checking account entirely through a mobile application available on smartphone devices;

•Network-branded reloadable prepaid debit cards marketed under several leading consumer brand names;

•Network-branded gift cards (known as open-loop) that are sold at participating retail stores; and

•Secured credit programs designed to help people establish or rehabilitate their national credit bureau score.

We earn revenues from these deposit account programs primarily through:

•Fees assessed to merchants for purchase transactions initiated by our accountholders (commonly known as interchange);

•Card revenues and other fees, principally consisting of fees charged to accountholders for certain transactions and usage of our products, and program management service fees we earn from our partners for use of our technology platform and our program management capabilities; and

•Interest income earned from the investment of deposits held at Green Dot Bank.

GO2bank offers features such as consumer friendly overdraft protection, high-value rewards, high-interest savings, and opportunities to establish, build, and track credit, regardless of credit history.

We also offer a variety of products and services that specialize in facilitating the movement of funds on behalf of consumers and businesses, referred to as money processing and tax processing services.

Our money processing services include:

•Cash transfer services that enable consumers to deposit or pick up cash and pay bills with cash at the point-of-sale at any participating retailer. We offer this service to our deposit account programs and any third-party bank or program manager (which we refer to as network acceptance members) that has enabled its cards to accept funds through our processing system. We refer to this retail cash transaction network as the Green Dot Network; and

•Disbursement services that enable wages and any type of authorized funds disbursement to be sent to our deposit account programs and accounts issued by any third-party bank or program manager.

Our tax processing services are designed for participants in the tax industry and include:

•Tax refund transfers that provide the processing technology to facilitate receipt of a taxpayer's refund proceeds. When a customer of a third-party tax preparation provider chooses to pay their tax preparation fees using our processing services, we deduct the tax preparation service fee and our processing service fee from the customer's refund and remit the remaining balance to the customer's account;

•Small business lending to independent tax preparation providers that seek small advances in order to help provide working capital prior to generating income during the tax filing season; and

•Fast Cash Advance, a consumer-friendly loan that enables tax refund recipients utilizing our tax processing services the opportunity to receive a portion of their expected tax refund amount in advance of receiving their actual tax refund.

We earn revenues primarily through fees charged to consumers on a per transaction basis for cash transfer services, tax refund transfers and disbursements.

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Our Distribution Strategy

We offer our products and services to a broad group of consumers, ranging from never-banked to fully-banked consumers. We focus our sales and marketing efforts on acquisition of long-term users of our products and services, enhancing our brands and image, building market adoption and awareness of our products and services, improving customer retention, and increasing overall usage.

B2B Services

Our B2B Services segment consists of revenues and expenses derived from (i) our partnerships with prominent consumer and technology companies that make our banking products and services available to their consumers, partners and workforce through integration with our banking platform (the "Banking-as-a-Service", or "BaaS channel"), and (ii) a comprehensive payroll platform that we offer to corporate enterprises (the "Employer channel"), to facilitate payments for today’s workforce. Our products and services in this segment include deposit account programs, such as consumer and small business checking accounts and prepaid cards, as well as disbursements services utilized by our partners.

Our banking platform includes an integrated bank, full program management services and enterprise-grade technology. Our largest customers include Apple, Inc., Intuit, Inc., Dayforce, Inc., and Amazon.com, Inc.

In our Employer channel, we offer a comprehensive platform to corporate enterprises to facilitate payments made for today’s workforce, including:

•PayCard programs that help corporate enterprises eliminate paper checks, reduce costs and improve efficiency;

•On demand employee wage access; and

•Affordable instant digital pay options that replace slow and costly traditional pay methods.

Consumer Services

Our Consumer Services segment consists of revenues and expenses derived from deposit account programs, such as consumer checking accounts, prepaid cards, secured credit cards, and gift cards that we offer to consumers (i) through distribution arrangements with more than 90,000 retail locations and neighborhood Financial Service Center locations (the "Retail channel"), and (ii) directly through various marketing channels, such as online search engine optimization, online displays, direct mail campaigns, mobile advertising, and affiliate referral programs (the "Direct channel").

Consumers can purchase these debit cards and initially load funds to the account in-store. In our Direct channel, consumers can open an account online or through our mobile app.

Once consumers register their account with us, the account can be loaded through a variety of funding mechanisms, such as payroll direct deposit or utilizing our money processing services.

Money Movement Services

Our Money Movement Services segment consists of revenues and expenses generated on a per transaction basis from our services that specialize in facilitating the movement of cash on behalf of consumers and businesses, such as money processing services and tax refund processing services.

Our money processing services, such as cash deposit and disbursements, are marketed to third-party banks, program managers, and other companies seeking cash deposit and disbursement capabilities for their customers.

We market our tax related financial services through a network of tax preparation franchises, independent tax professionals and online tax preparation providers, which are sometimes referred to as electronic return originators,

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or “EROs.” We also offer these consumers the option to deposit their tax refund proceeds onto one of our debit account products, which further expands the reach of our deposit account programs.

Our Technology Platform

Our vertically integrated technology and banking platform utilizes a combination of proprietary and third-party technologies and services to power a large ecosystem of financial service solutions through numerous distribution channels. The technology infrastructure supporting our platform is designed to minimize service disruptions, provide reasonable assurance of business continuity in the event of catastrophic occurrences and defend against data breaches and cybersecurity incidents. We continuously invest in security tools and other security technologies to protect our data and help keep our customers and partners safe. Our technology leverages data centers and cloud computing technology. We are committed to continuously improving the efficiency, scalability, and security of our platform to enhance the customer experience, remain competitive and support our growth.

Our Relationship with Walmart

Walmart, Inc. ("Walmart") is our largest retail distributor. We are the provider of the Walmart MoneyCard product sold at Walmart, and Green Dot Bank is the issuer of those card accounts. As the issuing bank, Green Dot Bank holds the associated Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insured deposits. Pursuant to our agreement with Walmart, we design and deliver the Walmart MoneyCard product and provide all ongoing program support, including network IT, regulatory and legal compliance, website functionality, customer service and loss management. In addition to Walmart MoneyCard products, we offer our Green Dot-branded and GO2bank deposit account products at Walmart, providing consumers the choice to purchase either Green Dot-branded products or Walmart MoneyCard products. Walmart provides us with shelf space to display and offer the deposit accounts to consumers. All Walmart MoneyCard products are reloadable exclusively on the Green Dot Network. Additionally, Walmart enables cash transfer services for our deposit account programs and third-party programs through the Green Dot Network.

Our operating revenues derived from the several products and services we offer through Walmart stores and other Walmart distribution avenues in aggregate represented approximately 7%, 10%, and 17% of our total operating revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

Seasonality

We experience seasonal fluctuations in revenue, with the first half of each year being favorably affected by large numbers of taxpayers electing to receive their tax refunds via direct deposit on our cards. Additionally, our tax refund processing services business is highly seasonal as it generates the majority of its revenue in the first quarter, and substantially all of its revenue in the first half of each calendar year. We expect our revenue in future periods to continue to fluctuate due to the seasonal factors described above.

Competition

We compete against companies and financial institutions across the retail banking, financial services, transaction processing, consumer technology and financial technology services industries and may compete with others in the market who may in the future provide offerings similar to ours.

We compete primarily on the basis of the following:

•breadth of distribution;

•speed and quality of innovation;

•reliability of system performance and security;

•scalability of platform services;

•quality of service;

•customer satisfaction;

•compliance and regulatory capabilities;

•brand recognition and reputation; and

•pricing.

We believe our products and services compete favorably with respect to these factors. The risks associated with our competitors are more fully discussed in “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

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Intellectual Property

We rely on a combination of patent, trademark and copyright laws and trade secret protections in the United States, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions, to protect the intellectual property rights related to our products and services.

We own several trademarks, including Green Dot. Through agreements with our network acceptance members, retail distributors and customers, we authorize and monitor the use of our trademarks in connection with their activities with us.

The current remaining terms for the patents we hold vary between approximately 1 and 13 years. We feel many of our patents and applications are important to our business and help differentiate our products and services from those of our competitors.

The industries in which we compete are characterized by rapidly changing technology, a large number of patents, and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. There can be no assurance that our patents and other proprietary rights will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented; that others will not assert intellectual property rights to technologies that are relevant to us; or that our rights will give us a competitive advantage. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries may not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. The risks associated with patents and intellectual property are more fully discussed in “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

Regulation and Supervision

General

Our business is highly regulated under federal and state laws. We and our subsidiaries are subject to supervision, regulation and examination by various federal and state regulators, including the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”), the Utah Department of Financial Institutions (the “Utah DFI”), and various other federal and state regulatory agencies. The statutory and regulatory framework that governs us is generally intended to protect depositors and customers, the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund (the “DIF”), the U.S. banking and financial system, and financial markets as a whole, and not for the protection of our stockholders or creditors.

In addition to laws and regulations, federal and state bank regulatory agencies may issue policy statements, interpretive letters and similar written guidance applicable to Green Dot Corporation and its subsidiaries. Any change in the statutes, regulations or regulatory policies applicable to us, including changes in their interpretation or implementation, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Both the scope of the laws and regulations and the intensity of the supervision to which bank holding companies such as Green Dot Corporation are subject increased in response to the global financial crisis of 2008, as well as other factors such as technological and market changes. Regulatory enforcement and fines have also increased across the banking and financial services sector. We expect that our business will remain subject to extensive regulation and supervision.

The following discussion describes certain elements of the comprehensive regulatory framework applicable to us.

Regulatory Agencies

We are a bank holding company (a “BHC”) registered with the Federal Reserve under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHC Act”).

As an FDIC-insured commercial bank that is chartered under the laws of Utah and a member of the Federal Reserve System, Green Dot Bank and its subsidiaries are subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the FDIC, Federal Reserve and the Utah DFI.

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The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”) has broad rulemaking authority over a wide range of federal consumer protection laws applicable to the business of Green Dot Bank. Because Green Dot Bank currently has less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets, Green Dot Bank is subject to regulations adopted by the CFPB, but the Federal Reserve is primarily responsible for examining Green Dot Bank’s compliance with federal consumer financial laws and those CFPB regulations. The Utah DFI is responsible for examining and supervising Green Dot Bank’s compliance with state consumer protection laws and regulations.

Permissible Activities for Green Dot Corporation as a Financial Holding Company

In general, the BHC Act limits the business of BHCs to banking, managing or controlling banks and other activities that the Federal Reserve has determined to be so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto. Under the BHC Act, BHCs that have qualified and elected to be treated as a financial holding company (an “FHC”) generally may engage in a broader range of additional activities that are (i) financial in nature or incidental to such financial activities or (ii) complementary to a financial activity and do not pose a substantial risk to the safety and soundness of depository institutions or the financial system generally.

” Currently, under the BHC Act, we may not be able to engage in new activities or acquire shares or control of other businesses.

Permissible Activities for Banks

The activities of Green Dot Bank are limited to those specifically authorized under Utah banking laws and Utah DFI regulations and permissible under applicable federal law and Federal Reserve regulations.

Under commitments made to the Federal Reserve and the Utah DFI, we must obtain prior approval from the Federal Reserve for any major deviation or material change from the business plan Green Dot Bank submitted in 2013. Accordingly, commitments made in connection with Green Dot Bank's business plan may limit Green Dot Bank's ability to engage in certain activities.

Supervision, Examination and Enforcement

Bank regulators regularly examine the operations of BHCs and banks. Examination results are confidential and generally may not be disclosed. In addition, BHCs and banks are subject to periodic reporting and filing requirements. The Federal Reserve and Utah DFI have broad supervisory and enforcement authority with regard to BHCs and banks, including the power to conduct examinations and investigations, impose nonpublic supervisory agreements, issue cease and desist orders, impose fines and other civil and criminal penalties, terminate deposit insurance and appoint a conservator or receiver.

Bank regulators have various remedies available if they determine that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity or other aspects of a banking organization’s operations are unsatisfactory. The regulators may also take action if they determine that the banking organization or its management is violating or has violated any law or regulation. The regulators have the power to, among other things, prohibit unsafe or unsound practices, require affirmative actions to correct any violation or practice, issue administrative orders that can be judicially enforced, direct increases in capital, direct the sale of subsidiaries or other assets, limit dividends and distributions, restrict growth, assess civil monetary penalties, remove officers and directors, terminate deposit insurance, and appoint a conservator or receiver.

In addition, the FDIC may terminate a bank’s deposit insurance upon a finding that the bank’s financial condition is unsafe or unsound or that the bank has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices or has violated an applicable rule, regulation, order or condition enacted or imposed by the bank’s regulatory agency.

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Bank and BHC Acquisitions and Mergers

The BHC Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, as amended (the "Bank Merger Act"), Utah’s Financial Institutions Act and other federal and state statutes regulate acquisitions of banks and other FDIC-insured depository institutions. Green Dot Corporation must obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before (i) acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of any voting shares of any bank or BHC, if after such acquisition, it will directly or indirectly own or control 5% or more of any class of voting shares of the institution, (ii) acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of any bank (other than directly through Green Dot Bank) or (iii) merging or consolidating with any other BHC. Under the Bank Merger Act, the prior approval of the Federal Reserve is required for Green Dot Bank to merge with another bank or purchase all or substantially all of the assets or assume any of the deposits of another FDIC-insured depository institution. In reviewing applications seeking approval of merger and acquisition transactions, bank regulators consider, among other things, the competitive effect and public benefits of the transactions, the capital position and managerial resources of the combined organization, the risks to the stability of the U.S. banking or financial system, the applicant's performance record under the CRA, the applicant's compliance with fair housing and other consumer protection laws and the effectiveness of all organizations involved in combating money laundering activities. In addition, failure to implement or maintain adequate compliance programs could cause bank regulators not to approve an acquisition where regulatory approval is required or to prohibit an acquisition even if approval is not required.

Acquisitions of Ownership of Green Dot Corporation or Green Dot Bank

The ability of a third party to acquire our stock or the stock of Green Dot Bank is also limited under applicable U.S. banking laws, including regulatory approval requirements.

Federal Banking Law. The BHC Act requires any BHC to obtain the approval of the Federal Reserve before acquiring, directly or indirectly, more than 5% of our outstanding common stock or the stock of Green Dot Bank. Any “company,” as defined in the BHC Act, other than a BHC is required to obtain the approval of the Federal Reserve before acquiring "control" of us. "Control" generally means (i) the ownership or control of 25% or more of a class of voting securities, (ii) the ability to elect a majority of the directors or (iii) the ability to otherwise exercise a controlling influence over management and policies. An entity that controls us for purposes of the BHC Act is subject to regulation and supervision as a BHC under the BHC Act. In addition, under the Change in Bank Control Act of 1978, as amended (the “CIBC Act”), and the Federal Reserve’s regulations thereunder, any person, either individually or acting through or in concert with one or more persons, is required to provide notice to the Federal Reserve prior to acquiring control, directly or indirectly, of a BHC such as Green Dot Corporation. As discussed more fully below in “Regulatory Approvals Related to the Proposed Transactions with CommerceOne Financial Corporation,” the Mergers are subject to the approval of the Federal Reserve pursuant to the BHC Act, because, among other things, CommerceOne Financial Corporation will be acquiring indirect control of Green Dot Bank.

The BHC Act prohibits any entity from acquiring 25% (as noted above, the BHC Act has a lower limit for acquirers that are existing BHCs) or more of a BHC’s or bank’s voting securities, or otherwise obtaining control or a controlling influence over a BHC or bank without the prior approval of the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve has rule-based standards for determining whether one company has control over another. These rules established four categories of tiered presumptions of noncontrol that are based on the percentage of voting shares held by the investor (less than 5%, 5-9.9%, 10-14.9% and 15-24.9%) and the presence of other indicia of control. As the percentage of ownership increases, fewer indicia of control are permitted without falling outside of the presumption of noncontrol. These indicia of control include nonvoting equity ownership, director representation, management interlocks, business relationship and restrictive contractual covenants. Under the Federal Reserve’s rules, investors can hold up to 24.9% of the voting securities and up to 33% of the total equity of a company without necessarily having a controlling influence.

Utah Change in Control Restrictions. Utah’s Financial Institutions Act generally requires prior approval of the Utah DFI before a person or entity may acquire, directly or indirectly, control of a depository institution or a depository institution holding company subject to its jurisdiction. The Utah DFI defines control to mean the power, directly or indirectly, or through or in concert with others, to: (a) direct or exercise a controlling influence over: (i) the management or policies of such an institution or holding company; or (ii) the election of a majority of the directors of such an institution or holding company; or (b) vote 25% or more of any class of voting securities of such an institution or holding company. Additionally, there is a rebuttable presumption that a person has control of such an institution or holding company if the person has the power, directly or indirectly, or through or in concert with

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others, to vote more than 10% but less than 25% of any class of voting securities of such an institution or holding company. As discussed more fully below in “Regulatory Approvals Related to the Proposed Transactions with CommerceOne Financial Corporation,” the Mergers are subject to the approval of the Utah DFI pursuant to Utah’s Financial Institutions Act because, among other things, New CommerceOne will be acquiring indirect control of Green Dot Bank.

Regulatory Approvals Related to the Proposed Transactions with CommerceOne Financial Corporation

To complete the Mergers, New CommerceOne, CommerceOne and Green Dot Corporation need to obtain approvals or consents from, or make filings with, a number of U.S. federal and state bank and other regulatory authorities.

Federal Reserve. The Mergers are subject to the approval of the Federal Reserve pursuant to Section 3 of the BHC Act in order for: (a) Merger Sub Two to become a bank holding company as a result of its acquisition of Green Dot Bank in the Green Dot Merger; (b) New CommerceOne to become a bank holding company as a result of its indirect acquisitions of Green Dot Bank and CommerceOne Bank in the First Mergers; and (c) the merger of CommerceOne and New CommerceOne in the Upstream Merger.

Utah DFI. New CommerceOne’s acquisition of Green Dot Bank indirectly through Merger Sub Two Holdco will require New CommerceOne to apply to the Utah DFI under § 7-1-703 of the Utah Code, which may, in the Utah DFI’s discretion, be a copy of the application filed with the responsible federal bank supervisory agency.

Alabama State Banking Department (the ‘‘ASBD’’). New CommerceOne’s acquisition of CommerceOne, including CommerceOne Bank, requires an application to the ASBD under one or both of §§ 5-5A-44 and 5-13B-4 of the Alabama Code, which may, at the superintendent’s discretion, be a copy of the application filed with the responsible federal bank supervisory agency. The ASBD has notified the applicant that the filing for this transaction may be made under § 5-13B-4 of the Alabama Code.

Additional Regulatory Approvals and Notices. Additional notifications and/or applications requesting approval may be submitted to various other federal, state and non-U.S. regulatory authorities and self-regulatory organizations.

Capital and Liquidity Requirements

In General. Under the U.S. regulatory capital rules to implement the Basel III regulatory capital framework, Green Dot Corporation and Green Dot Bank are required to maintain minimum risk-based and leverage capital ratios. Green Dot Corporation and Green Dot Bank must also maintain a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% to avoid becoming subject to restrictions on capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management. Either or both of Green Dot Corporation and Green Dot Bank may qualify for and opt to use, from time to time, the community bank leverage ratio framework under the Federal Reserve’s version of the U.S. Basel III Rules. Under the community bank leverage ratio framework, a qualifying community banking organization may generally satisfy its capital requirements (and capital conservation buffer) under the U.S. Basel III Rules provided that it has a Tier 1 leverage ratio greater than 9% and satisfies other applicable conditions. Green Dot Corporation and Green Dot Bank qualify for and opt into use of the community bank leverage ratio framework. We expect that Green Dot Corporation will continue to qualify for and use the community bank leverage ratio framework, and that Green Dot Bank will calculate and disclose its risk-based capital ratios and Tier 1 leverage ratio under standardized approach of the U.S. Basel III Rules. For a discussion of applicable regulatory minimum and well-capitalized minimum capital ratios, as well as a description of relevant definitions related to capital amounts and ratios, see “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Capital Requirements for Bank Holding Companies” and Note 24—Regulatory Requirements to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein, which are incorporated by reference in this Item 1.

The Federal Reserve may require BHCs, which include us, to maintain capital substantially in excess of mandated minimum levels, depending upon general economic conditions and a BHC’s particular condition, risk profile and growth plans. The Federal Reserve may also require BHCs or their subsidiaries to make other capital or liquidity commitments.

Failure to be well-capitalized, to meet minimum capital requirements or to comply with the other commitments to which we and Green Dot Bank may be subject could result in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators, including restrictions on our and Green Dot Bank’s ability to pay dividends or otherwise distribute capital or to receive regulatory approval of applications, or other restrictions on growth.

As of December 31, 2025, our and Green Dot Bank’s regulatory capital ratios were above the well-capitalized standards and met the then-applicable capital conservation buffer. Based on current estimates, we believe that

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Green Dot Corporation and Green Dot Bank will continue to exceed all applicable well-capitalized regulatory capital requirements and the capital conservation buffer (to the extent the buffer is applicable), on a fully phased-in basis.

FDICIA and Prompt Corrective Action

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (“FDICIA”) requires federal bank regulatory agencies to take “prompt corrective action” in respect of FDIC-insured depository institutions that do not meet certain capital adequacy standards. FDICIA establishes five capital categories ("well-capitalized", "adequately capitalized", "undercapitalized", "significantly undercapitalized" and "critically undercapitalized"), with a depository institution’s categorization for purposes of the prompt corrective action provisions depending upon its level of capitalization and certain other factors. An institution that fails to remain well-capitalized becomes subject to a series of restrictions that increase in severity as its capital condition weakens. Such restrictions may include a prohibition on capital distributions, restrictions on asset growth or restrictions on the ability to receive regulatory approval of applications. In certain instances, a BHC may be required to guarantee the performance of an undercapitalized subsidiary bank’s capital restoration plan.

Brokered Deposits

The FDIC issued a final rule relating to the classification of brokered deposits, with full compliance required in the beginning of fiscal year 2022. The final rule established a framework for analyzing certain provisions of the “deposit broker” definition, including “placing deposits,” “facilitating the placement of deposits” and “primary purpose,” for purposes of the classification of deposits as brokered deposits and exemptions from such a classification. The risks associated with the failure to properly classify deposits are more fully discussed in "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors."

Safety and Soundness Guidelines

The federal banking agencies have adopted guidelines prescribing safety and soundness standards relating to internal controls, risk management, information systems, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth and compensation, fees and benefits. These guidelines in general require appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage specified risks and exposures. The guidelines also prohibit excessive compensation as an unsafe and unsound practice and characterize compensation as excessive when the amounts paid are unreasonable or disproportionate to the services performed by an executive officer or employee, director or principal shareholder. In addition, the agencies have adopted regulations that authorize but do not require an agency to order an institution that has been given notice by the agency that it is not in compliance with any of the safety and soundness standards to submit a compliance plan. If after being so notified, an institution fails to submit an acceptable compliance plan, the agency must issue an order directing action to correct the deficiency and may issue an order directing other actions of the types, including those that may limit growth or capital distributions. If an institution fails to comply with such an order, the bank regulator may seek to enforce such order in judicial proceedings and to impose civil money penalties.

Dividend and Share Repurchase Restrictions

Green Dot Corporation is a legal entity separate and distinct from Green Dot Bank and its other subsidiaries. There are limitations on capital distributions by BHC's and banks, such as certain cash dividends, payments to repurchase or otherwise acquire shares, and other distributions charged against capital.

Federal banking regulators are authorized to determine, under certain circumstances relating to the financial condition of a BHC or a bank, that the payment of dividends would be an unsafe or unsound practice and to prohibit payment thereof. In particular, federal banking regulators have stated that paying dividends that deplete a banking organization's capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice and that banking organizations should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings.

Under Utah’s Financial Institutions Act, Utah-chartered commercial banks, such as Green Dot Bank, may, subject to certain conditions, declare and pay dividends out of their net profits, after providing for all expenses, losses, interest, and taxes accrued or due from the bank.

To the extent that we do not qualify for the community bank leverage framework under the Federal Reserve’s version of the U.S. Basel III Rules, Green Dot Corporation or Green Dot Bank, as applicable, must maintain the

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applicable capital conservation buffer to avoid becoming subject to restrictions on capital distributions, including dividends and share repurchases. The capital conservation buffer is currently at its fully phased-in level of 2.5%.

In addition, Federal Reserve policy provides that BHC, such as Green Dot Corporation, should generally pay dividends to shareholders only if (i) the organization’s net income available to common shareholders over the past year has been sufficient to fully fund the dividends; (ii) the prospective rate of earnings retention appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition; and (iii) the organization will continue to meet minimum capital adequacy ratios. The policy also provides that a BHC should inform the Federal Reserve reasonably in advance of declaring or paying a dividend that exceeds earnings for the period for which the dividend is being paid or that could result in a material adverse change to the BHC’s capital structure. BHCs are also required to consult with the Federal Reserve before materially increasing dividends and must receive approval before redeeming or repurchasing capital instruments. In addition, the Federal Reserve could prohibit or limit the payment of dividends by a BHC if it determines that payment of the dividend would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice.

As a Delaware corporation, Green Dot Corporation is also subject to certain limitations and restrictions under Delaware corporate law with respect to payment of dividends and other distributions.

Furthermore, in connection with the proposed transactions with CommerceOne and Smith Ventures, the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement each contain certain restrictions that prohibit us from paying dividends or making share repurchases without the approval of CommerceOne under the Merger Agreement and Payments Buyer under the Separation Agreement.

Source of Strength

Green Dot Corporation is required to serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to Green Dot Bank and, under appropriate conditions, to commit resources to support Green Dot Bank. The Federal Reserve may require a BHC to make capital injections into a troubled subsidiary bank and may charge the BHC with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices if the BHC fails to commit resources to such a subsidiary bank or if it undertakes actions that the Federal Reserve believes might jeopardize the BHC’s ability to commit resources to such subsidiary bank.

Under these requirements, Green Dot Corporation may in the future be required to provide financial assistance to Green Dot Bank should it experience financial distress. Capital loans by Green Dot Corporation to Green Dot Bank, if any, would be subordinate in right of payment to deposits and certain other debts of Green Dot Bank. In the event of Green Dot Corporation’s bankruptcy, any commitment by Green Dot Corporation to a federal banking regulator to maintain the capital of Green Dot Bank would be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to a priority of payment.

Under the FDICIA's "prompt corrective action" provisions, if Green Dot Bank were undercapitalized then, the regulators could require Green Dot Corporation to guarantee a capital restoration plan. In addition, if the Federal Reserve believes that Green Dot Corporation's activities, assets or affiliates represent a significant risk to the financial safety, soundness or stability of Green Dot Bank, then the Federal Reserve could require Green Dot Bank to terminate the activities, liquidate the assets or divest the affiliates.

Receivership or Conservatorship of Green Dot Bank

Upon the insolvency of an insured depository institution, such as Green Dot Bank, the FDIC may be appointed as the conservator or receiver of the institution. Acting as a conservator or receiver, the FDIC would have broad powers to transfer any assets or liabilities of the institution without the approval of the institution’s creditors or shareholders.

Separately, the Commissioner of the Utah DFI also has the authority to take possession of or appoint a receiver or liquidator of any Utah state-chartered bank, such as Green Dot Bank, under specified circumstances, including where the bank (i) is not in a safe and sound condition to transact its business, (ii) has failed to maintain an adequate level of capital or (iii) is conducting its business in an unauthorized or unsafe manner.

Depositor Preference

The Bank Merger Act provides that, in the event of the liquidation or other resolution of an insured depository institution, including Green Dot Bank, the claims of depositors of the institution (including the claims of the FDIC as subrogee of insured depositors) and certain claims for administrative expenses of the FDIC as a receiver would have priority over other general unsecured claims against the institution. If Green Dot Bank were to fail, insured and uninsured depositors, along with the FDIC, would have priority in payment ahead of unsecured, non-deposit

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creditors, including Green Dot Bank if it were a creditor at that time, with respect to any extensions of credit they have made to such insured depository institution.

Transactions between a Bank and its Affiliates

Federal banking laws and regulations impose qualitative standards and quantitative limitations upon certain transactions between a bank, such as Green Dot Bank, and its affiliates, including between a bank and its holding company and companies that control the BHC or that the BHC may be deemed to control for these purposes. Transactions covered by these provisions must be on terms that are at least as favorable to the bank as those that it could obtain in a comparable transaction with a non-affiliate, and cannot exceed certain amounts that are determined with reference to the bank’s regulatory capital. Moreover, if the transaction is a loan or other extension of credit, it must be secured by collateral in an amount and quality expressly prescribed by statute, and if the affiliate is unable to pledge sufficient collateral, the BHC may be required to provide it.

Federal banking laws also place similar restrictions on loans and other extensions of credit by FDIC-insured banks, such as Green Dot Bank, and their subsidiaries to their directors, executive officers and principal shareholders, as well as to entities controlled by such persons.

Community Reinvestment Act

Under the CRA, an insured depository institution, such as Green Dot Bank, has a continuing and affirmative obligation to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The CRA does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for insured depository institutions, nor does it limit an insured depository institution’s discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community, consistent with the CRA. However, insured depository institutions are rated on their performance in meeting the needs of their communities.

An unsatisfactory record of performance may be the basis for denying or conditioning approval of an application by an insured depository institution or its holding company. The CRA also requires that all institutions publicly disclose their CRA ratings.

Green Dot Bank’s CRA compliance is currently evaluated under an approved CRA strategic plan covering the period of 2024 to 2028. The plan is focused on supporting the needs of the bank's defined assessment area primarily through direct community development lending and investment, small business lending, and services in Green Dot Bank’s designated Assessment Area of Utah and Juab Counties, as well as the broader surrounding geographic region.

Insurance of Deposit Accounts

The deposits of Green Dot Bank are insured by the DIF up to the standard maximum deposit insurance amount of $250,000 per depositor. Green Dot Bank is subject to deposit insurance assessments based on the risk it poses to the DIF, as determined by the capital category and supervisory category to which it is assigned. Brokered deposits are subject to an assessment rate adjustment of up to 10 basis points, and therefore are generally assessed at a higher rate. The FDIC has authority to raise or lower assessment rates on insured deposits in order to achieve statutorily required reserve ratios in the DIF and to impose special additional assessments.

Relationships with Third-Party Issuing Banks

While Green Dot Bank acts as our banking partner for most of our products and services, we offer some products and services through arrangements with federally- or state-chartered third-party banks. We are subject to contractual requirements with those banks and are indirectly subject to the oversight of our banking partners’ regulators with respect to the laws and regulations that apply to each such product or service. These types of third-party relationships are subject to increasingly demanding regulatory requirements and attention by federal banking regulators. Regulatory guidance requires financial institutions to enhance their due diligence, ongoing monitoring and control over their third-party vendors and other ongoing third-party business relationships.

As a result, our relationships with third-party banks may require us to undertake compliance actions similar to those that we or Green Dot Bank must perform for the products and services issued by Green Dot Bank.

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Anti-Money Laundering Rules

The Bank Secrecy Act (the “BSA”), the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (the "PATRIOT Act") and other laws and regulations require financial institutions, among other duties, to institute and maintain an effective anti-money laundering (“AML”) program and file suspicious activity and currency transaction reports when appropriate. Among other things, these laws and regulations require Green Dot Corporation and Green Dot Bank to take steps to prevent the use of Green Dot Bank to facilitate the flow of illegal or illicit money, to report large currency transactions and to file suspicious activity reports. We are also required to develop and implement a comprehensive AML compliance program and must also have in place appropriate “know your customer” policies and procedures. We have adopted policies and procedures to comply with these requirements.

Significant penalties and fines, as well as other supervisory orders may be imposed on a financial institution for non-compliance with BSA/AML requirements.

Office of Foreign Assets Control Regulation

The U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control ("OFAC") is responsible for administering economic sanctions that affect transactions with designated foreign countries, nationals and others, as defined by various Executive Orders and Acts of U.S. Congress. OFAC-administered sanctions take many forms. Blocked assets (e.g., property and bank deposits) cannot be paid out, withdrawn, set off or transferred in any manner without a license from OFAC.

Privacy and Data Security Laws

Green Dot Bank is subject to a variety of federal and state privacy and data security laws, which govern the collection, safeguarding, sharing and use of customer information, and require that financial institutions have in place policies regarding information privacy and security. For example, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 requires all financial institutions offering financial products or services to retail customers to provide such customers with the financial institution’s privacy policy and practices for sharing nonpublic information with third parties, provide advance notice of any changes to the policies and provide such customers the opportunity to “opt out” of the sharing of certain personal financial information with unaffiliated third parties. It also requires banks to safeguard personal information of consumer customers.

These laws may also require Green Dot Bank to notify law enforcement, regulators or consumer reporting agencies in the event of a data breach, as well as businesses and governmental agencies that own affected data.

Privacy and data security remain areas of state legislative focus. By the end of 2025, approximately 16 U.S. states had comprehensive consumer privacy laws in effect. Similar laws come into effect in three more states in 2026. These laws provide residents of these states certain privacy rights in the collection and disclosure of their personal information and require covered businesses to make certain disclosures and take certain other acts in furtherance of those rights. Other U.S. states are considering similar privacy laws. State regulators are authorized to implement and enforce existing consumer privacy laws, which has resulted in increased scrutiny on privacy and data security. In addition, the federal government may also pass data privacy or data security legislation.

Like other lenders, Green Dot Bank and other of our subsidiaries use credit bureau data in their underwriting activities. Use of such data is regulated under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (the “FCRA”), and the FCRA also regulates reporting information to credit bureaus, prescreening individuals for credit offers, sharing of information between affiliates and using affiliate data for marketing purposes. Similar state laws may impose additional requirements on Green Dot Corporation and Green Dot Bank.

Consumer Protection Laws

The CFPB has broad rulemaking authority over a wide range of federal consumer protection laws that apply to banks and other providers of financial products and services, including the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices. For example, our deposit products and operations are subject to the following federal laws, among others:

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•the Truth in Savings Act and Regulation DD issued by the CFPB, which require disclosure of deposit terms to consumers;

•Regulation CC issued by the Federal Reserve, which relates to the availability of deposit funds to consumers;

•the Right to Financial Privacy Act, which imposes a duty to maintain the confidentiality of consumer financial records and prescribes procedures for complying with administrative subpoenas of financial records; and

•the Electronic Fund Transfer Act and Regulation E issued by the CFPB, which govern automatic deposits to and withdrawals from deposit accounts and customers’ rights and liabilities arising from the use of automated teller machines and other electronic banking services.

The CFPB has also adopted amendments to Regulation E and Regulation Z to add protections for prepaid accounts (the “CFPB Prepaid Rule”). The CFPB Prepaid Rule includes requirements related to treatment of funds on lost or stolen cards, error resolution and investigation, upfront fee disclosures, access to account information, and overdraft features if offered in conjunction with prepaid accounts.

Because Green Dot Bank has less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets, the Federal Reserve is responsible for examining and supervising Green Dot Bank’s compliance with these and other federal consumer financial laws and regulations. In addition, state attorneys general and state regulators also enforce consumer protection rules.

Money Transmission Licensing and Regulation

Most U.S. states require licenses for persons engaged in the business of money transmission. These U.S. state licensing laws may subject money transmitters to periodic examinations and may require them and their agents to comply with federal and/or state AML laws and regulations. We have obtained state licenses to operate as a money transmitter in all U.S. jurisdictions in which such a license is required for us to conduct our business.

Payment Networks

In order to provide our products and services, we, as well as Green Dot Bank, are contracted members with payment network companies including Visa, Inc. ("Visa") and Mastercard Inc. ("Mastercard"). Therefore, we and Green Dot Bank are subject to Visa and Mastercard’s respective payment network rules and standards. These rules and standards implicate a variety of our activities and services, including by imposing data security obligations, allocating liability for certain acts or omissions (including liability in the event of a data breach) and providing rules governing how consumers and merchants may use their cards. Payment networks may, and routinely do, modify these rules and standards as they determine in their sole discretion and with or without advance notice to us. These modifications may impose additional costs and expenses on, or may otherwise be disadvantageous to, our business. In addition, we are subject to audit by various payment networks. The payment networks may fine or penalize us or suspend our registration if those audits find that we have failed to comply with applicable rules and standards.

Escheatment Laws

Unclaimed property laws of every U.S. jurisdiction require that we track certain information on our card products and services and that, if customer funds are unclaimed at the end of an applicable statutory abandonment period, the proceeds of the unclaimed property be remitted to the appropriate jurisdiction. We manage escheatment law compliance with respect to our card products and services and have an ongoing program to comply with those laws. Statutory abandonment periods applicable to our card products and services typically range from three to seven years.

Human Capital

As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately 900 full-time employees, practically all of which are located in the United States. Our focus on employee engagement occurs in three foundational areas: recruiting and retaining a diverse and talented workforce, enhancing employee experience, and management that reiterates purpose and ensures commitment for continuous growth and development.

Talent Retention and Development

We strive to maintain a workforce that is representative of the industry we serve, comprised of highly technical individuals, who enjoy pushing the boundaries of what is possible and are individually innovative. We work to retain

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employees in several ways, including having strong leadership and optimizing leaders and managers through effective training and development programs, providing employees the opportunity to learn new skills and to advance their careers, investing in technology, maintaining customer relationships, and providing competitive and equitable total rewards.

We offer industry-specific training regarding regulatory standards and compliance, as well as self-directed learning through third-party learning platforms. Our leaders are empowered to design bespoke learning experiences catered to their specific needs.

Employee Experience

We strive to continue enhancing employee engagement and use employee feedback to drive and improve processes that support our customers and ensure a deep understanding of our culture and vision among our employees. We use annual employee engagement and other surveys to solicit feedback about members of our senior leadership from employees at all levels of our organization.

Inclusion and Belonging

We believe that an inclusive working environment with high belonging helps drive our mission and provides our workforce with the best opportunities for success. We are endeavoring to improve inclusion and belonging for employees at all levels of the organization. We have been actively working to further enhance recruitment strategies and career development strategies in support of these initiatives. We delivered multiple enterprise-wide events to create new levels of knowledge, empathy, and community connection for our people. We focused on furthering inclusion and belonging goals through recruitment, career development, succession planning, and leadership education.

Total Rewards

To ensure our pay and benefits programs are consistent with our total rewards philosophy, we maintain best practices aimed at delivering fair and equitable compensation for employees based on their contribution and performance.

Our benefits programs are tailored for the various U.S. geographies in which we operate, and include a variety of competitive health plans, in addition to dependent care flexible spending accounts, a 401(k) plan with a company match and auto-enrollment, employee stock purchase plan, and an employee assistance program.

Organizational Culture and Ethics

To promote the highest standards of honest and ethical business conduct and compliance with applicable laws, we have adopted codes of business conduct and ethics that apply to all of our board members, officers and employees and which are posted on the Investor Relations section of our website located at http://ir.greendot.com, by clicking on “Governance.”

In 2025, we continued our philanthropic giving program launched in 2022, "Green Dot Gives," an employee giving (donation and volunteerism) platform that provides resources and opportunities for employees to support charitable causes that are meaningful to them. As part of the initiative, we began offering employees one paid time off day per year to volunteer, we introduced corporate donation matching, and we created programs encouraging employee connection and collaboration through charitable activities.

Other Information

We maintain a website at www.greendot.com, which we use as a channel to disclose important information about our company and comply with disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. We make available free of charge, on or through our website via the Investor Relations section at ir.greendot.com, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such material electronically or otherwise furnishing it to the SEC. References to website addresses in this report are intended to be inactive textual references only, and none of the information contained on our website is part of this report or incorporated in this report by reference.

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ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

RISKS RELATED TO THE GREEN DOT MERGER AND THE PAYMENTS SALE

Failure to complete the transactions contemplated by each of the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement could negatively affect our stock price and our future business and financial results.

The Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement each provide for a number of conditions that must be satisfied (or waived) in order to complete the transactions contemplated thereby, including the Green Dot Merger and the Payments Sale, respectively. These conditions to the closing of such transactions may not be fulfilled in a timely manner or at all, and accordingly, such transactions may not be completed.

If such transactions are not completed for any reason, including the failure to receive the required approvals of our or CommerceOne’s stockholders, there may be various adverse consequences, and we may experience negative reactions from the financial markets and from our customers and employees. For example, our business may be adversely impacted by the failure to pursue other beneficial opportunities due to the focus of management on the Green Dot Merger, the Payments Sale and other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement, without realizing any of the anticipated benefits of completing the Green Dot Merger, the Payments Sale and such other transactions. Additionally, if either the Merger Agreement or the Separation Agreement is terminated, the market price of our common stock could decline, including to the extent that current market prices reflect a market presumption that the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement or the Separation Agreement will be completed. We could also be subject to litigation or proceedings related to any failure to complete such transactions, including litigation or proceedings commenced against us to perform our respective obligations under the Merger Agreement or the Separation Agreement. If the Merger Agreement is terminated under certain circumstances, we may be required to pay a termination fee of $27 million to CommerceOne.

Additionally, we have incurred and will incur substantial expenses in connection with the completion of the Green Dot Merger, the Payments Sale and other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement, as well as the costs and expenses of preparing, filing, printing and mailing the proxy statement/prospectus, and other fees and expenses in connection with the Green Dot Merger, the Payments Sale and such other transactions. If such transactions are not completed, we would have to pay these expenses without realizing the expected benefits of the Green Dot Merger, the Payments Sale and such other transactions.

We will be subject to business uncertainties and contractual restrictions in the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement while the transactions contemplated thereby are pending.

Uncertainty about the effect of the Green Dot Merger, the Payments Sale and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement on our employees and customers may have an adverse effect on us. These uncertainties may impair our ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel until such transactions are completed, and could cause customers and others that deal with us to seek to change existing business relationships with us. Subject to certain exceptions, we have agreed to operate our business in the ordinary course in all material respects and to refrain from taking certain actions, including actions that may adversely affect our ability to consummate the transactions contemplated by either the Merger Agreement or the Separation Agreement on a timely basis, without the consent of CommerceOne and Payments Buyer, as applicable, until the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement, including the Green Dot Merger and the Payments Sale, are completed. These restrictions may prevent us from pursuing attractive business opportunities that may arise prior to the completion of such transactions.

Stockholder litigation related to the Green Dot Merger, the Payments Sale or the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement could prevent or delay the completion of such transactions, result in the payment of damages or otherwise negatively impact our business and operations.

It is possible that stockholders may file lawsuits challenging the Green Dot Merger, the Payments Sale or the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement, which may name us, our officers or members of our Board of Directors as defendants. Green Dot has received demand letters from purported stockholders of Green Dot, alleging deficiencies and/or omissions of certain allegedly material information in the registration statement on Form S-4 filed by New CommerceOne with the SEC of which the proxy statement/prospectus forms a part. New CommerceOne, CommerceOne and Green Dot believe that the allegations in these letters are without merit. If additional similar demands are made, absent new or different allegations that are material, neither New CommerceOne, CommerceOne nor Green Dot will necessarily announce them. We cannot assure you as to the outcome of any lawsuits, if filed, including the amount of costs associated with defending such claims or any other liabilities that may be incurred in connection with the litigation of such claims. If any plaintiffs are

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successful in obtaining an injunction prohibiting the parties from completing the Green Dot Merger, the Payments Sale or the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement on the agreed-upon terms, such an injunction may delay the completion of such transactions in the expected time-frame, or may prevent such transactions from being completed altogether. Whether or not any plaintiff’s claim is successful, this type of litigation may result in significant costs, and divert management’s attention and resources, which could adversely affect the operation of our business.

We have incurred and are expected to incur substantial costs related to the Green Dot Merger, the Payments Sale and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement, and these costs may be greater than anticipated due to unexpected costs.

We have incurred and expect to incur a number of significant non-recurring costs associated with the Green Dot Merger, the Payments Sale and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement, including legal, financial advisory, accounting, consulting and other advisory fees, severance/employee benefit-related costs, public company filing fees and other regulatory fees, financial printing and other printing costs and other related costs. If such transactions are not completed, we would have to pay such expenses without realizing the expected benefits of such transactions.

The merger consideration to be received by our stockholders is fixed (subject to limited exceptions) and will not be adjusted for changes affecting us or CommerceOne.

At the First Effective Time, each issued and outstanding share of our common stock, subject to limited exceptions, will be converted into the right to receive (i) 0.2215 shares of the common stock of New CommerceOne and (ii) an amount in cash equal to $8.11, less any withholding and without interest. Subject to limited exceptions, the exchange ratio is fixed and will not be adjusted for changes affecting us or CommerceOne, including for changes in the market price or value of our common stock or CommerceOne common stock. There will be a time lapse between each of the date of the proxy statement/prospectus for the stockholders’ meeting to adopt the Merger Agreement and approve the transactions contemplated by the Separation Agreement, the date on which our stockholders vote to adopt the Merger Agreement and approve the transactions contemplated by the Separation Agreement, and the date on which our stockholders entitled to receive shares of New CommerceOne common stock actually receive such shares. The value of CommerceOne common stock and New CommerceOne common stock may fluctuate during these periods as a result of a variety of factors, including general market and economic conditions, changes in our and CommerceOne’s businesses, operations and prospects, and regulatory considerations. Many of these factors are outside of our and CommerceOne’s control. The actual value of the shares of New CommerceOne common stock received by our stockholders will depend on the value of shares of New CommerceOne common stock at the time the Mergers are completed. This market value may be less or more than the value used to determine the exchange ratio stated in the Merger Agreement and the proxy statement/prospectus.

Regulatory approvals may not be received, may take longer than expected or may impose conditions that are not presently anticipated or that could have an adverse effect on the pro forma bank business following the Mergers and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement.

Before the Mergers and the Payments Sale may be completed, various approvals, consents and non-objections that have not yet been obtained must be obtained, including from the Federal Reserve, the Utah DFI and the ASBD and antitrust and other authorities in the United States. In determining whether to grant these approvals, such regulatory authorities consider a variety of factors, including the regulatory standing of each party to the proposed transaction. These approvals could be delayed or not obtained at all, including due to an adverse development in any party’s regulatory standing or in any other factors considered by regulators when granting such approvals; governmental, political or community group inquiries, investigations or opposition; or changes in legislation or the political environment generally. Some recent transactions comparable to the Mergers and the Payments Sale have encountered lengthy delays, and the Mergers and the Payments Sale may be subject to similar delays in obtaining its required approvals.

The approvals that are granted may impose terms and conditions, limitations, obligations or costs, or place restrictions on the conduct of the combined company’s business or require changes to the terms of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement. There can be no assurance that regulators will not impose any such conditions, limitations, obligations or restrictions and that such conditions, limitations, obligations or restrictions will not have the effect of delaying the completion of any of the transactions contemplated by either the Merger Agreement or the Separation Agreement, imposing additional material costs on or materially limiting the revenues of the pro forma bank business following the Mergers and the other transactions contemplated

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by the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement or otherwise reducing the anticipated benefits of such transactions if they were consummated successfully within the expected time frame. In addition, there can be no assurance that any such conditions, terms, obligations or restrictions will not result in the delay or abandonment of such transactions. The completion of the Mergers and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement is conditioned on the absence of certain orders, injunctions or decrees by any court or governmental entity of competent jurisdiction that would prohibit or make illegal the completion of any of such transactions.

In addition, despite the parties’ commitments to using their reasonable best efforts to comply with conditions imposed by regulators, under the terms of the Merger Agreement and as described further therein, neither we nor CommerceOne will be required to take actions or agree to conditions that would reasonably be expected to have a material burdensome condition on the pro forma bank business.

Either the Merger Agreement or the Separation Agreement may be terminated in accordance with its respective terms, such that the transactions contemplated thereby, including the Green Dot Merger and the Payments Sale, may not be completed.

Each of the Merger Agreement and Separation Agreement provide for a number of conditions that must be satisfied (or waived) in order to complete the Green Dot Merger, the Payments Sale and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement or the Separation Agreement, as applicable.

The completion of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain closing conditions, including (i) the approval of the Merger Agreement by the requisite vote of our stockholders and CommerceOne’s stockholders, (ii) the authorization for listing on the NYSE of the shares of New CommerceOne Common Stock to be issued pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (iii) the receipt of the requisite regulatory approvals, including from the Federal Reserve, the Utah DFI and the ASBD, and no such regulatory approval having resulted in a material burdensome condition, (iv) the effectiveness of the registration statement on Form S-4 filed with the SEC by New CommerceOne in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, (v) the absence of any order, injunction, decree or other legal restraint preventing the completion of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement or any law making the completion thereof illegal and (vi) the satisfaction or waiver of the closing conditions set forth in the Separation Agreement with certain exceptions described in the Merger Agreement. Each party’s obligation to complete the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement is also subject to certain additional customary conditions, including (a) subject to certain materiality thresholds, the accuracy of the representations and warranties of the other party, (b) the performance in all material respects by the other party of its obligations under the Merger Agreement and (c) in the case of CommerceOne, the funding by Payments Buyer of the purchase price in the Payments Sale in accordance with the terms of the Separation Agreement.

In addition, the completion of the transactions contemplated by the Separation Agreement are subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain closing conditions, including (i) the approval of the Separation Agreement by our stockholders, (ii) the waiting period applicable to the consummation of the closing under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act (the “HSR Act”) having expired or been terminated, (iii) the absence of any order, injunction, decree or other legal restraint preventing the completion of the transactions contemplated by the Separation Agreement or any law making the completion thereof illegal and (iv) the satisfaction or waiver of the closing conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement with certain exceptions described in the Merger Agreement. Each party’s obligation to complete the transactions contemplated by the Separation Agreement is also subject to certain additional customary conditions, including (a) subject to certain materiality thresholds, the accuracy of the representations and warranties of the other party, (b) the performance in all material respects by the other party of its obligations under the Separation Agreement and (c) in the case of Payments Buyer, the absence of the occurrence of a material adverse effect on the Payments Business. On December 31, 2025, the parties filed their respective Premerger Notification and Report Forms under the HSR Act in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Separation Agreement. The parties requested early termination of the waiting period under the HSR Act, and such request was granted, effective January 21, 2026.

These conditions to the closing of the transactions contemplated by each of the Merger Agreement and the Separation Agreement may not be fulfilled in a timely manner or at all, and, accordingly, such transactions may not be completed. In addition, CommerceOne and we can mutually decide to terminate the Merger Agreement, and Payments Buyer and we can mutually decide to terminate the Separation Agreement, at any time, before or after receipt of the requisite stockholder approvals.

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We and New CommerceOne may be unable to retain CommerceOne and Green Dot Bank personnel successfully.

The success of the Mergers and the Payments Sale will depend in part on retaining the talent and dedication of key employees currently employed by Green Dot Bank and CommerceOne and the employees who will be transferred to Payments Buyer in connection with the Payments Sale. It is possible that these employees may decide not to remain with us or CommerceOne, as applicable, while the Mergers are pending or with New Commerce or Payments Buyer after the completion of the Mergers. If we and CommerceOne are unable to retain key employees, including management, who are critical to the future operations of the companies, we and CommerceOne could face disruptions in their operations, loss of existing customers, loss of key information, expertise or know-how and unanticipated additional recruitment costs. In addition, following the completion of the Mergers, if key employees terminate their employment, New CommerceOne’s or Payments Buyer’s business activities may be adversely affected, which may cause New CommerceOne’s or Payments Buyer’s business to suffer, and there is no assurance that New CommerceOne or Payments Buyer will be able to locate or retain suitable replacements for any such key employees who leave.

We have identified certain additional risk factors in connection with the transactions contemplated by each of the Merger Agreement, including the Mergers, and the Separation Agreement, including the Payments Sale. These risks and the other risks associated with such transactions are more fully discussed in the proxy statement/prospectus that is included in the registration statement on Form S-4 filed by New CommerceOne with the SEC and is available through the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. The proxy statement/prospectus contains important information regarding such transactions, and we urge all of our stockholders to read the proxy statement/prospectus carefully and in its entirety.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS

The loss of operating revenues from our BaaS partners and Walmart or any of our largest retail distributors as well as third-party processors or other major consumers would negatively impact our business.

Approximately 63% of our total operating revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 was generated from a single BaaS partner. It would be difficult to replace these operating revenues.

Our contracts with Walmart and our other largest retail distributors can in limited circumstances, such as our material breach or insolvency or, in the case of Walmart, our failure to meet agreed-upon service levels, certain changes in control, and our inability or unwillingness to agree to requested pricing changes, be terminated by these retail distributors on relatively short notice.

Our base of tax preparation partners is concentrated, and the performance of our Money Movement Services segment depends in part on our ability to retain existing partners.

If one or more of our major tax preparation partners were to substantially reduce or stop offering our services to their customers, our tax refund processing services business, a component of our Money Movement Services segment, would be negatively impacted. Substantially all the revenues we generate from our tax refund processing

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services business have come from sales through a relatively small number of tax preparation firms. A termination of our relationships with certain tax preparation partners that provide commercial tax preparation software would result in lost revenue and the loss of the ability to secure future relationships with new or existing tax preparation firms that use such tax software.

In addition, the revenues we generate from our tax refund processing services are largely derived from products and services sold through retail tax preparation businesses and income tax software providers. Our program management service fees depend upon the success of our BaaS partners’ efforts to promote their own products and services which incorporate our products and services. Accordingly, losing the commitment of our BaaS partners, retail distributors and tax preparation partners might limit or reduce program management service fees and the sales of our products and services. For example, if a retail distributor reduces shelf space for our products or implements changes in its systems that disrupt the integration between its systems and ours, our product sales could be reduced or decline, and we may incur additional merchandising costs to ensure our products are appropriately stocked. Similarly, for a variety of reasons, many of our tax preparation partners that provide commercial income tax preparation software offer their customers several alternatives for tax refund processing services, including those of our competitors.

Future revenue growth depends on our ability to retain and attract new BaaS partners and long-term users of our products.

Our results of operations could vary materially from period to period based on the degree to which we are successful in increasing usage and retention and attracting new BaaS partners and long-term users of our products.

Seasonal fluctuations in the use of our products and services impact our results of operations and cash flows.

Our results of operations and cash flows vary from quarter to quarter, and periodically decline, due to the seasonal nature of the use of our products and services. For example, our results of operations for the first half of each year have been favorably affected by large numbers of taxpayers electing to receive their tax refunds via direct deposit on our accounts, which caused our operating revenues to be typically higher in the first half of those years than they were in the corresponding second half of those years. Our tax refund processing services business is also highly seasonal as it generates the substantial majority of its revenue in the first quarter, and substantially all of its revenue in the first half of each calendar year. To the extent that seasonal fluctuations become more pronounced, or are not offset by other factors, our results of operations and cash flows from operating activities could fluctuate materially from period to period.

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The industries in which we compete are highly competitive.

The industries in which we compete are highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant changes. We compete against companies and financial institutions across the retail banking, financial services, transaction processing, consumer technology and financial technology services industries, and may compete with others in the market who may in the future provide offerings similar to ours, particularly vendors which provide program management and other services though a platform similar to our banking platform. These and other competitors in the banking and electronic payments industries are introducing innovative products and services that directly compete or may compete with ours. We expect that this competition will continue as banking and electronic payments industries continue to evolve, particularly if non-traditional payments processors and other parties gain greater market share in these industries. If we are unable to differentiate our products and platform from and/or successfully compete with those of our competitors, our revenues, results of operations, prospects for future growth and overall business could be negatively impacted.

Many existing and potential competitors are entities substantially larger in size, more highly diversified in revenue and substantially more established with significantly more broadly known brand awareness than ours. As such, many of our competitors can leverage their size, robust networks, financial wherewithal, brand awareness, pricing power and technological assets to compete with us. Additionally, some of our current and potential competitors are subject to fewer regulations and restrictions than we are, and thus may be able to respond more quickly in the face of regulatory and technological changes.

We are also experiencing competition as a result of competitors, such as Chime Financial, Inc., offering free or low-cost alternatives to our products and services. Digital-centric financial services platforms have continued to gain market share through the marketing of their largely free bank account offerings.

We cannot predict the effect of technological changes on our business. We rely in part on third parties for the development of, and access to, new technologies. Some of our competitors are substantially larger than we are, which may allow those competitors to invest more money into their technology infrastructure, use of artificial intelligence, and digital innovation than we do. In addition, other competitors may experience lower cost structures and different regulatory requirements and scrutiny than we do, which may allow them to innovate more rapidly than we can.

However, our ability to develop or transition to new services and technologies may be inhibited by a lack of industry-wide standards, by difficulties encountered in our development of new services and technologies, by resistance from our retail distributors, BaaS partners, third-party processors or consumers to these changes, by the intellectual property rights of third parties or our reliance on certain third-party service providers.

Fraudulent and other illegal activity involving our products and services could negatively impact our financial position and results of operations.

Criminals are using increasingly sophisticated methods to engage in illegal activities using deposit account products (including demand deposit accounts and prepaid cards), reload products, or customer information and may

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see their effectiveness enhanced by the use of Artificial Intelligence. Illegal activities involving our products and services often include malicious social engineering schemes. This transaction fraud has negatively impacted and is expected to continue to impact many financial services companies including us in relation to our products.

Illegal activities may also include fraudulent payment or refund schemes and identity theft. We rely upon third parties for transaction processing services, which subjects us and our customers to risks related to the vulnerabilities of those third parties.

To address the challenges that we face with respect to fraudulent activity, we have implemented risk control mechanisms that have made it more difficult for all customers, including legitimate customers, to obtain and use our products and services. Disputes, threats of litigation or other types of remediation over how we address actual or suspected fraudulent activity involving our products and services could be costly to resolve and could also negatively impact new account and card activations.

We are exposed to losses from customer accounts.

Fraudulent activity involving our products may lead to customer disputed transactions, for which we may be liable under banking regulations and payment network rules. Our fraud detection and risk control mechanisms may not prevent all fraudulent or illegal activity. To the extent we incur losses from disputed transactions, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted. Our overdraft exposure in these instances arises primarily from late-posting. A late-post occurs when a merchant posts a transaction within a payment network-permitted time frame, but subsequent to our release of the authorization for that transaction, as permitted by card association rules.

To the extent we incur losses from overdrafts above our reserves or we determine that it is necessary to increase our reserves substantially, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted.

A large portion of our business is conducted through retail distributors that sell our products and services to consumers at their store locations or other banking partners that collect funds and fees from our customers on our behalf. While the remittance of these funds by the retail distributor or banking partner takes on average two business days, we have in the past and may in the future experience lengthy delays. Such delays or refusal to pay exposes us to increased settlement risk. As of December 31, 2025, we had assets subject to settlement risk of $947.5 million. Given the possibility of recurring volatility in global financial markets, the approaches we use to assess and monitor the creditworthiness of our retail distributors or other banking partners may be inadequate, and we may be unable to

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detect and take steps to mitigate an increased credit risk in a timely manner. Economic recessions could result in settlement losses, whether or not directly related to our business. We are not insured against these risks.

Worsening economic conditions, high rates of inflation, or other potential causes of economic distress could negatively impact our business and financial results.

Global and macro-economic factors have resulted and, from time to time, may continue to result in high inflation rates, interest rates, or unemployment rates, leading to economic challenges for consumers and our retail distributors and other partners as well as reduced transaction and spending volumes on accounts. If current market conditions deteriorate, we may decide to adjust pricing to account for an increasing cost of funds and increased credit risk, and thereby erode our margins and negatively impact our future financial performance and the price of our Class A common stock. Additionally, significant inflationary pressure increases borrowing rates, and we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through rate increases. Our inability or failure to do so could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, a rising interest rate environment may negatively impact our customers’ spending levels or our customers’ ability to pay outstanding amounts owed to us.

Please see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” for more information regarding the potential impact of the various market risks on our business.

A sustained reduction in the use of our products and related services, either as a result of a general reduction in consumer spending or as a result of a disproportionate reduction in the use of card-based payment systems, would negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We must be able to operate and scale our technology effectively.

Our ability to continue to provide our products and services to network participants, as well as to enhance our existing products and services and offer new products and services, is dependent on our information technology systems. If we are unable to manage and scale the technology associated with our business effectively, we could experience increased costs, reductions in system availability and losses of our network participants. Any failure of our systems in scalability and functionality would negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We make significant investments in products and services that may not be successful.

Our prospects for growth depend on our ability to innovate by offering new, and adding value to our existing, product and service offerings and on our ability to effectively commercialize such innovations. While we will continue to make investments in research, development, and marketing for new products and services, if customers do not perceive our new offerings as providing significant value, they may fail to accept our new products and services, which would negatively impact our operating revenues. We may not achieve significant operating revenues from new product and service investments for a number of years, if at all. Moreover, new products and services may not be profitable, and even if they are profitable, operating margins for new products and services may not be as high as the margins we have experienced in the past.

As the financial services industry evolves, consumers may find prepaid financial services or demand deposit accounts to be less attractive and demand for such services and accounts could decline. If consumers do not

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continue to use or increase their usage of prepaid cards or demand deposit accounts, including making changes in the way such products are funded, our operating revenues may decline. Any projected growth for the industry may not occur or may occur more slowly than estimated.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR OPERATIONS

Our business is dependent on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of computer network systems and data centers, including third party systems.

Our ability to provide reliable service to customers and other network participants depends on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of our computer network systems and data centers as well as those of our retail distributors, network acceptance members and third-party processors. Our business involves the movement of large sums of money, the processing of large numbers of transactions and the management of the data necessary to do both.

We use both internally developed and third-party systems, including cloud computing and storage systems, for our services and certain aspects of transaction processing. Interruptions in our service may result for a number of reasons.

Our technology platforms continue to evolve as we regularly invest in enhancing our systems. In addition, the implementation of technological changes could cause significant disruptions to our customers and our business and may cause processing errors.

Any damage to, or failure of, or delay in our processes or systems generally, or those of our vendors (including as a result of disruptions at our third-party data center hosting facilities and cloud providers), or an improper action by our employees, agents or third-party vendors, could result in interruptions in our service, causing customers, retail distributors and other partners to become dissatisfied with our products and services or obligate us to issue credits or pay fines or other penalties to them. Sustained or repeated process or system failures have in the past and could in the future reduce the attractiveness of our products and services, including our banking platform, and could result in contract terminations, thereby reducing operating revenue and negatively impact our results of operations and could result in additional regulatory actions and/or fines and penalties. Additionally, some of our contracts with retail distributors, including our contract with Walmart, contain service level standards pertaining to the operation of our systems, and provide the retail distributor with the right to collect damages and to potentially terminate its contract with us for system downtime exceeding stated limits. If we face system interruptions or failures, our business interruption insurance may not be adequate to cover the losses or damages that we incur. In addition, our insurance costs may also increase substantially in the future to cover the costs our insurance carriers may incur.

A cyber-attack, incident or security breach could expose us to liability and protracted and costly litigation, regulatory penalties, and could negatively impact our reputation and operating revenues.

We and our retail distributors, tax preparation partners, network acceptance members, third-party processors and the merchants that accept our cards receive, transmit and store confidential customer and other information, including personal information, in connection with the sale and use of our products and services. Despite the encryption software and the other technologies and systems we use to provide security for storage, processing and

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transmission of confidential customer and other information these technologies or systems have been, and continue to be, vulnerable to cyber-attacks, incidents and data security breaches by third parties and we have experienced, and may in the future experience, attacks, incidents and breaches that circumvent our security measures. Improper access to our or these third parties’ systems or databases could result in the theft, publication, deletion or modification of confidential customer and other information.

Further, a cyber-attack or other incident could go undetected and persist in our systems for extended periods. Regardless of whether or not we are sued or face regulatory actions, a breach will require us to carefully assess the materiality of a cyber-attack or other incident. Depending on the nature and magnitude of the accessed data, this effort may require substantial resources. Further, a significant data security breach could lead to additional regulation, which could impose new and costly compliance obligations. Moreover, it may require substantial financial resources to address and remediate any such breach, including additional costs for hiring an external party to conduct a forensic investigation, replacement cards, manufacturing, distribution, re-stocking fees, fraud monitoring, and other added security measures, among others, which could have a significant adverse impact on our operating results.

Additionally, we cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be adequate for data security liabilities actually incurred, will cover any indemnification claims against us relating to any incident, that insurance will continue to be available to us on reasonable terms, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The assertion of large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a negative impact on our business, including our financial condition, operating results, and reputation.

Failure to maintain satisfactory compliance with certain privacy and data protection laws and regulations may subject us to substantial negative financial consequences, civil or criminal penalties and business reputation risk.

Complex existing and emerging local, state, and federal laws and regulations apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer, and other processing of personal information. Complying with these laws and regulations can be costly and can impede the development and offering of new products and services. In addition, our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations or other obligations to which we may be subject relating to personal information, or to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use, or other processing, could result in enforcement actions and regulatory investigations against us, claims for damages by customers and other affected individuals, fines, damage to our reputation, and loss of goodwill, any of which could have a negative impact on our operations, financial performance, and business.

Replacing third-party vendors would be difficult and disruptive to our business.

Some services relating to our business, including fraud management and other customer verification services, cash processing, card production, and customer service, are outsourced to third-party vendors. We also depend on third-party banks to assist with our tax refund processing services. It would be difficult to replace some of our third-party vendors in a timely manner if they were unwilling or unable to provide us with these services during the term of their agreements with us or if they elected not to renew their contracts with us, and our business and operations would be negatively impacted. Additionally, replacing third-party vendors with in-house solutions may lead to

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unanticipated operating costs and potential exposure to increased regulatory scrutiny. In particular, due to the seasonality in our business, any material service interruptions, service delays or changes in service contracts with key vendors during the tax season would result in losses that have an even greater negative impact on that business than would be the case with our overall business.

Further, we have in the past and may in the future experience operational issues with the third-party call centers that we rely on to provide customer support. Any prolonged closure or disruption in the services provided by such call centers would have a negative impact on our business.

Some of our operations are located outside of the United States, which subjects us to additional risks.

A significant portion of our software development operations were based in Shanghai, China and have been or are being relocated to locations in and outside of the United States. A prolonged disruption at our facilities or the facilities of our outsourcing service providers for any reason including due to natural or man-made disasters, outbreaks of disease, climate change, geopolitical matters or other events outside of our control, such as equipment malfunction or large-scale outages or interruptions of service from utilities or telecommunications providers, could potentially delay our ability to launch new products or services or impact our ability to deliver current products and services, which could negatively impact our business. Additionally, we face numerous other challenges and risks, including, but not limited to:

•increased complexity and costs of managing international operations, including regulatory compliance;

•regional economic and geopolitical instability and military conflicts;

•limited protection of our intellectual property and other assets;

•compliance with and unanticipated changes in local laws and regulations, including tax laws and regulations;

•foreign currency exchange fluctuations relating to our international operating activities;

•local business and cultural factors that differ from our normal standards and practices; and

•differing employment practices and labor relations.

REGULATORY AND LEGAL RISKS

As a bank holding company, we are subject to extensive and potentially changing regulations and regulatory expectations, which may limit our ability to pursue business opportunities and increase compliance challenges.

As has been the case in the past, when the regulators believe that we or Green Dot Bank have not complied with any of these requirements, we may in the future become subject to, in addition to our then-current obligations (which includes the formal enforcement action noted below), additional formal or informal enforcement actions, proceedings, or investigations, which could result in regulatory orders, penalties, restitution, restrictions on our business operations or requirements to take corrective actions, which may, individually or in the aggregate, negatively impact our results of operations and restrict our ability to grow. For example, in July 2024 we and our subsidiary bank entered into a consent order, including a $44 million civil money penalty, with the Federal Reserve Board relating principally to various aspects of compliance risk management, including consumer compliance and compliance with AML regulations (the "Consent Order"). In response to enhanced regulatory scrutiny, we have increased our investment in our regulatory and compliance infrastructure and will continue with further increases. We expect heightened oversight of our compliance and other risk management capabilities will continue for the foreseeable future. If we fail to comply with the applicable capital and leverage requirements, or if Green Dot Bank fails to comply with its applicable capital and leverage requirements, the Federal Reserve Board may limit our or Green Dot Bank's ability to pay dividends or fund stock repurchases, or require us to raise additional capital.

” Currently, under the BHC Act, we may not be able to engage in new activities or acquire shares or control of other businesses. Such restrictions might limit our ability to pursue

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future business opportunities which we might otherwise consider, but which might fall outside the scope of permissible activities. U.S. bank regulatory agencies from time to time take supervisory actions under certain circumstances that restrict or limit a financial institution's activities, including in connection with examinations, which take place on a continual basis. We are subject to significant legal restrictions on our ability to publicly disclose the existence of these actions or any of the related details. In addition, as part of the regular examination process, our and Green Dot Bank's regulators may direct us or our subsidiaries to operate under various restrictions as a prudential matter. Such restrictions may include not being able to engage in certain categories of new activities or acquire shares or control of other companies.

The FDIC issued a final rule establishing a framework for analyzing certain provisions of the “deposit broker” definition, including “placing deposits,” “facilitating the placement of deposits” and “primary purpose,” for purposes of the classification of deposits as brokered deposits and exemptions from such a classification. If our reclassification is deemed non-compliant, we could be subject to regulatory fines and penalties, increased regulatory oversight, restrictions on our activities, and increased litigation risk.

We are subject to a wide range of federal and other state laws and regulations. Monitoring and complying with all applicable laws, regulations and licensing requirements can be difficult and costly. Failure to comply with these requirements exposes us to the risk of being required to undertake substantial remediation efforts and to the risk of, among other things, enforcement actions, lawsuits, monetary damages, fines, penalties and reputational harm, any one of which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition or business prospects.

From time to time, federal and state legislators and regulatory authorities, including state attorney generals and federal executive departments, increase their focus on the banking, consumer financial services and tax preparation industries and have commenced and may in the future commence formal and informal inquiries. The adoption of new or proposed legislation or guidance has in the past and may in the future result in significant adverse changes in the regulatory landscape for financial institutions and financial services companies. Accordingly, changes in laws and regulations or the interpretation or enforcement thereof may occur that could increase our compliance and other costs of doing business, require significant systems redevelopment, or render our products or services less profitable or obsolete, any of which could have a negative impact on our results of operations. In addition, adverse rulings relating to the industries in which we participate could cause our products and services to be subject to additional laws and regulations, which could make our products and services less profitable.

If additional legal or regulatory requirements were imposed on our bank or the sale of our products and services, the requirements could lead to a loss of retail distributors, network participants, tax preparation partners or other business partners, which could negatively impact our operations.

Failure by us or those businesses to comply with the laws and regulations to which we are or may become subject could result in additional fines, penalties or limitations on our ability to conduct our business, or federal or state actions, any of which could significantly harm our reputation with consumers, banks that issue our cards and

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regulators, and could negatively impact our business, operating results and financial condition. Many of these laws can be unclear and inconsistent across various jurisdictions and ensuring compliance with them could be difficult and costly. If new regulations or laws result in changes in the way we are regulated, these regulations could expose us to increased regulatory oversight, more burdensome regulation of our business, and increased litigation risk, each of which could increase our costs and decrease our operating revenues. Furthermore, limitations placed on the fees we charge or the disclosures that must be provided with respect to our products and services could increase our costs and decrease our operating revenues.

Changes in rules or standards set by the payment networks, or changes in debit network fees or products or interchange rates, could negatively impact our business, financial position and results of operations.

We are subject to association rules that could subject us to a variety of fines or penalties that may be levied by the card associations or networks for acts or omissions by us or businesses that work with us, including card processors. The termination of the card association registrations held by us or any changes in card association or other debit network rules or standards, including interpretation and implementation of existing rules or standards, that increase the cost of doing business or limit our ability to provide our products and services could have a negative impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, from time to time, card associations may increase the fees that they charge, which could increase our operating expenses, reduce our profit margin and negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, interchange revenues represented 9% of our total operating revenues, and we expect interchange revenues to continue to represent a significant percentage of our total operating revenues. The amount of interchange revenues that we earn is highly dependent on the interchange rates that the payment networks set and adjust from time to time.

The enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act required the Federal Reserve Board to implement regulations that have substantially limited interchange fees for many issuers. While the interchange rates that may be earned by us and Green Dot Bank are exempt from the limitations imposed by the Dodd-Frank Act, federal legislators and regulatory authorities have become increasingly focused on interchange fees, and continue to propose new legislation that could result in significant adverse changes to the rates we are able to charge and there can be no assurance that future regulation or changes by the payment networks will not substantially impact our interchange revenues. If interchange rates decline, whether due to actions by the payment networks or future regulation, we would likely need to change our fee structure to offset the loss of interchange revenues. To the extent we increase the pricing of our products and services, we might find it more difficult to acquire consumers and to maintain or grow card usage and customer retention, and we could suffer reputational damage and become subject to greater regulatory scrutiny. We also might have to discontinue certain products or services. As a result, our total operating revenues, operating results, prospects for future growth and overall business could be negatively impacted.

Litigation or investigations could result in significant settlements, sanctions, fines or penalties.

For example, in July 2024 we and our subsidiary bank entered into the Consent Order, including a civil money penalty of $44 million, with the Federal Reserve Board as further discussed in the "As a bank holding company, we are subject to extensive and potentially changing regulations and regulatory expectations, which may limit our ability to pursue business opportunities and increase compliance challenges" risk factor above. In this regard, such costs could make it more difficult to maintain the capital, leverage and other financial commitments at levels we have agreed to with the Federal Reserve Board and the Utah DFI. Any regulatory or judicial proceedings or investigations initiated against us by private or governmental entities may result in adverse publicity associated with these proceedings or investigations and could negatively impact our relationships with retail distributors, tax preparation partners, network acceptance members, financial institutions

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and other lending partners, other business partners and card processors and decrease acceptance and use of, and loyalty to, our products and related services, and could impact the price of our Class A common stock. In addition, such proceedings or investigations could increase the risk that we will be involved in litigation. For the foregoing reasons, any regulatory or judicial proceedings or investigations that are initiated against us by private or governmental entities, could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition or could cause our stock price to decline. Refer to Note 21—Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for further information regarding certain of our legal and other proceedings.

We may be unable to adequately protect our brand and our intellectual property rights related to our products and services or third parties may allege that we are infringing their intellectual property rights.

Our brands and marks are important to our business, and we utilize trademark registrations and other means to protect them. Our business would be negatively impacted if we were unable to protect our brand against infringement. We also rely on a combination of patent, trademark and copyright laws, trade secret protection and confidentiality and license agreements to protect the intellectual property rights related to our products and services. We currently have 18 issued patents. Although we generally seek patent protection for inventions and improvements that we anticipate will be incorporated into our products and services, there is always a chance that our patents or patent applications could be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, or that an issued patent will not adequately cover the scope of our inventions or improvements incorporated into our products or services. Additionally, our patents could be circumvented by third parties.

We may unknowingly violate the intellectual property or other proprietary rights of others and, thus, may be subject to claims by third parties. Because of the existence of a large number of patents in the mobile technology field, the secrecy of some pending patents, and the rapid rate of issuance of new patents, it is not economically practical or even possible to determine in advance whether a product or any of its elements infringes or will infringe on the patent rights of others. Regardless of the merit of these claims, we may be required to devote significant time and resources to defending against these claims or to protecting and enforcing our own rights. We might also be required to develop a non-infringing technology or enter into license agreements and there can be no assurance that licenses will be available on acceptable terms and conditions, if at all. Some of our intellectual property rights may not be protected by intellectual property laws, particularly in foreign jurisdictions. The loss of our intellectual property or the inability to secure or enforce our intellectual property rights or to defend successfully against an infringement action could negatively impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR CAPITAL NEEDS AND INDEBTEDNESS

We might require additional capital to support our business in the future, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, or at all.

If our unrestricted cash and cash equivalents balances and any cash generated from operations are not sufficient to meet our future cash requirements, we will need to access additional capital to fund our operations. We may also need to raise additional capital to take advantage of new business or acquisition opportunities. However, we may not be able to raise needed cash in a timely basis on terms acceptable to us or at all. Financings, if available, may be on terms that are dilutive or potentially dilutive to our stockholders. The holders of new securities may also receive rights, preferences or privileges that are senior to those of existing holders of our Class A common stock. In addition, if we were to raise cash through a debt financing, the terms of the financing might impose additional conditions or restrictions on our operations that could negatively impact our business. If we require new sources of financing but they are insufficient or unavailable, we would be required to modify our operating plans to take into account the limitations of available funding, which would negatively impact our ability to maintain or grow our business.

We have increased debt service obligations as a result of the issuance of our senior unsecured notes.

In 2024 and 2025, we issued and sold senior unsecured notes in an aggregate principal amount of $65.0 million, all of which mature in September 2029. As a result of these transactions, we have incurred additional debt service obligations in addition to normal operating expenses and planned capital expenditures. Our increased level of indebtedness may have several important effects on our future operations, including, without limitation, a portion of our cash flow must be dedicated to the payment of interest and principal on the senior unsecured notes, reducing funds available for distribution to stockholders and limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and general corporate and other purposes. Our ability to meet our debt service obligations and to reduce our total indebtedness will be dependent upon our future performance, as well as Green Dot Bank and its ability to pay dividends to us, which will be subject to regulatory restrictions, general economic, industry and competitive conditions and to financial, business and other factors affecting us and Green

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Dot Bank, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, the senior unsecured notes contain certain affirmative and negative non-financial covenants applicable to us and Green Dot Bank that could limit our ability to take advantage of financing, merger, acquisition or other opportunities, to fund our business operations or to fully implement our current and future operating strategies.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to generate cash flow at or above its current level and that we will be able to pay principal and interest on the senior unsecured notes as they become due. Further, we cannot assure you that our maintenance of our indebtedness or occurrence of future indebtedness will not negatively impact our operating results or financial condition.

GENERAL RISKS

Our operating results may fluctuate in the future, which could cause our stock price to decline.

If our quarterly and annual results of operations fall below the expectations of investors or any securities analysts who follow our Class A common stock, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline substantially. Fluctuations in our quarterly or annual results of operations might result from a number of factors including the occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in these risk factors, many of which are outside of our control, including, but not limited to:

•the timing and volume of purchases and use of our products and services;

•the timing and volume of tax refunds or other government payments processed by us;

•the timing and success of new product or service introductions by us or our competitors;

•fluctuations in customer retention rates;

•outages and interruptions in our systems, those of our partners or third-party service providers;

•changes in the mix of products and services that we sell or changes in the mix of our client retail distributors;

•the timing of commencement of new and existing product roll outs, developments and initiatives and the lag before those new products, channels or retail distributors generate material operating revenues;

•our ability to effectively sell our products through direct-to-consumer initiatives;

•costs associated with significant changes in our risk policies and controls;

•the amount and timing of major advertising campaigns, including sponsorships;

•the amount and timing of capital expenditures and operating costs;

•interest rate volatility;

•our ability to control costs, including third-party service provider costs and sales and marketing expenses;

•volatility in the trading price of our Class A common stock;

•changes in the political or regulatory environment affecting the industries in which we operate;

•economic recessions or uncertainty in financial markets, and the uncertainty regarding the impact of macroeconomic trends or conditions; and

•other factors beyond our control, such as terrorism, war, natural disasters and pandemics as well as the other items included in these risk factors.

Our actual operating results may differ significantly from our guidance.

From time to time, we issue guidance in our quarterly earnings conference calls, or otherwise, regarding our future performance that represents our management’s estimates as of the date of release. Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and is only an estimate of what management believes is realizable as of the date of release, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions underlying the guidance furnished by us will prove to be incorrect or will vary significantly from actual results. Actual results will vary from our guidance and the variations may be material, especially in times of economic uncertainty.

Our future success depends on our ability to attract, integrate, retain and incentivize key personnel.

Our ability to manage and grow our business will depend, to a significant extent, on our ability to attract, integrate, retain and recognize key personnel, namely our management team and experienced sales, marketing and program and technology development personnel. We may experience difficulty in managing transitions and

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assimilating newly-hired personnel, and if we fail to manage these transitions successfully, we could experience significant delays or difficulty in the achievement of our development and strategic objectives and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted. Competition for qualified management, sales, marketing and program and technology development personnel can be intense. Competitors have in the past and may in the future attempt to recruit our top management and employees. In order to attract and retain personnel in a competitive marketplace, we must provide competitive pay packages, including cash and equity-based compensation and the volatility in our stock price may from time to time negatively impact our ability to recruit or retain employees. Additionally, our U.S.-based employees, including our senior management team, work for us on an at-will basis and there is no assurance that any such employee will remain with us.

An impairment charge of goodwill or other intangible assets could have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our net goodwill and intangible assets represent a significant portion of our consolidated assets. Our net goodwill and intangible assets were $374.4 million as of December 31, 2025. Under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or ("U.S. GAAP"), we are required to test the carrying value of goodwill at least annually or sooner if events occur that indicate impairment could exist, such as a significant change in the business climate, including a significant sustained decline in a reporting unit’s fair value, legal and regulatory factors, operating performance indicators, competition and other factors.

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We have in the past and may in the future discover areas of our internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that need improvement. Any such restatement could result in a loss of public confidence in the reliability of our financial statements and sanctions imposed on us by the SEC.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions under Delaware law, could discourage potential takeover attempts, reduce the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our Class A common stock, and result in the trading price of our Class A common stock being lower than it otherwise would be. In addition to the foregoing, under the BHC Act and the Change in Bank Control Act, and their respective implementing regulations, Federal Reserve Board approval is necessary prior to any person or company acquiring control of a bank or BHC, subject to certain exceptions. Control, among other considerations, exists if an individual or company acquires 25% or more of any class of voting securities, and may be presumed to exist if a person acquires 10% or more of any class of voting securities. These restrictions could affect the willingness or ability of a third party to acquire control of us for so long as we are a BHC.

ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

We recognize the importance of assessing, identifying, and managing material risks associated with cybersecurity threats, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K. We have established and maintain a comprehensive Information Security Program that is designed to support us in assessing, identifying, protecting, managing, responding to, and recovering from cybersecurity threats and cybersecurity incidents.

We leverage the following guidelines and frameworks to develop and maintain our Information Security Program: Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council ("FFIEC") Information Security IT Examination Handbook, FFIEC Business Continuity Planning Handbook, the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard

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(“PCI DSS”), Center for Internet Security Critical Security Controls, National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800 Series, ISO-27000 Standard and GLBA 501(b).

Our Information Security Program includes an incident response plan to coordinate the activities we take to protect against, detect, respond to and remediate cybersecurity incidents, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K, as well as to comply with potentially applicable legal obligations and mitigate brand and reputational damage.

Our approach includes, among other things:

•Conducting regular network and endpoint monitoring, vulnerability assessments, and penetration testing to improve our information systems, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K;

•Running tabletop exercises to simulate a response to a cybersecurity incident and use the findings to improve our processes and technologies;

•Regular cybersecurity training programs for employees and directors; conducting annual customer data handling and use requirements training for all our employees; conducting annual cybersecurity management and incident training for employees involved in our systems and processes that handle sensitive data;

•Monitoring emerging data protection laws and implementing changes to our processes designed to comply;

•Conducting regular phishing email simulations for all employees and all contractors with access to corporate email systems to enhance awareness and responsiveness to such possible threats;

•Through policy, practice and contract (as applicable) requiring employees, as well as third-parties who provide services on our behalf, to treat customer information and data with care; and

•Carrying information security risk insurance that provides protection against potential losses arising from a cybersecurity incident.

Our Information Security Program is integrated into our overall Enterprise Risk Management Program, which covers all company risks. As part of this program appropriate disclosure personnel will collaborate with subject matter specialists, as necessary, to gather insights for identifying and assessing material cybersecurity threat risks, their severity, and potential mitigations.

We routinely engage with assessors, consultants, auditors, and other third-parties, including by annually having an independent Qualified Security Assessor review our Information Security Program to help identify areas for continued focus, improvement and/or compliance, including undergoing annual compliance audits with respect to PCI DSS and SOC 2 compliance.

Our processes also address oversight and identification of cybersecurity risks from our use of third-party service providers. This involves, among other things, conducting pre-engagement risk-based diligence, implementing contractual security and notification provisions, and ongoing monitoring as needed.

Risks from identified cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have not materially affected us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. Although our cybersecurity risk management program, as described above, is designed to help prevent, detect, respond to, remediate, and mitigate the impact of cybersecurity incidents, there is no guarantee that a future cybersecurity incident would not materially adversely affect the Company's business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. With regard to the possible impact of future cybersecurity threats or incidents, see the headings "Our business is dependent on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of computer network systems and data centers, including third party systems" and "A cyber-attack, incident or security breach could expose us to liability and protracted and costly litigation, regulatory penalties, and could negatively impact our reputation and operating revenues" included as part of our risk factor disclosures in "Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors," of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Governance

The Risk Committee of our Board of Directors provides structured oversight of the Company’s Enterprise Risk Management Program, including the oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats. The Risk Committee regularly receives an overview from management of our cybersecurity risk management and strategy processes covering topics such as data security posture, results from third-party assessments, progress towards pre-determined risk-

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mitigation-related goals, our incident response plan, and material cybersecurity threat risks or incidents and developments, as well as the steps management has taken to respond to such risks. In such sessions, the Risk Committee generally receives materials including a cybersecurity scorecard and other materials indicating current and emerging material cybersecurity threat risks, and describing the company’s ability to mitigate those risks, and discusses such matters with our Chief Information Security Officer and Chief Technology Officer. Annually, the Risk Committee reviews and approves the Information Security Program. Additionally, the Risk Committee is promptly apprised of any cybersecurity incident that meets established reporting thresholds, and receives ongoing updates regarding any such incident until it has been resolved. At each regularly scheduled Board meeting, the Risk Committee Chair provides the full Board with an update on all significant matters discussed, reviewed, considered and approved by the committee since the last regularly scheduled Board meeting.

Our cybersecurity risk management and strategy processes, which are discussed in greater detail above, are led by our Chief Information Security Officer and Chief Technology Officer. Such individuals have collectively over 25 years of prior work experience in various roles involving managing information security, developing cybersecurity strategy, implementing effective information and cybersecurity programs and adhering to relevant compliance requirements as well as several relevant degrees and certifications, including undergraduate degrees in information systems and computer engineering, Certified Information Systems Security Professional, Global Information Assurance Certification, and Internal Security Assessor.

These members of management are informed about and monitor the prevention, mitigation, detection, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents through their management of, and participation in, the Information Security Program described above, including the operation of our incident response plan. If a cybersecurity incident is determined to be a material cybersecurity incident, our incident response plan and cybersecurity disclosure controls and procedures define the process to disclose such a material cybersecurity incident.

As discussed above, these members of management report to the Risk Committee of our Board of Directors about cybersecurity threat risks, among other cybersecurity related matters.

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