Risk Factors Dashboard

Once a year, publicly traded companies issue a comprehensive report of their business, called a 10-K. A component mandated in the 10-K is the ‘Risk Factors’ section, where companies disclose any major potential risks that they may face. This dashboard highlights all major changes and additions in new 10K reports, allowing investors to quickly identify new potential risks and opportunities.

Risk Factors - AGM

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Item 1A.Risk Factors

Our business activities, financial performance, and results of operations are, by their nature, subject to risks and uncertainties, including those related to the agricultural industry, infrastructure industries, access to the capital markets, the political and regulatory environment, the level of prevailing interest rates, and overall market conditions. The following risk factors should be considered along with MD&A in Item 7 of this report, including the risks and uncertainties described in the "Forward-Looking Statements" section. Because new risk factors likely will emerge from time to time, management can neither predict all potential risk factors nor assess the effects of those factors on our business, operating results, and financial condition or how much any factor, or combination of factors, may affect our actual results and financial condition. Because new risk factors likely will emerge from time to time, management can neither predict all potential risk factors nor assess the effects of those factors on Farmer Mac's business, operating results, and financial condition or how much any factor, or combination of factors, may affect Farmer Mac's actual results and financial condition. If any of the following risks materialize, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. If any of the following risks materialize, Farmer Mac's business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. We undertake no obligation to update or revise this risk factor discussion, unless required by applicable law. Farmer Mac undertakes no obligation to update or revise this risk factor discussion, unless required by applicable law.

Credit and Counterparty Risk

Economic stress caused by disruptive global events, such as geopolitical instability, and natural or human-caused disasters, may materially and adversely affect our business, operations, operating results, financial condition, liquidity, or capital levels and may heighten other risk factors in this report.

In a tightly-linked global economy, recent or continuing disruptive global events have contributed and may continue to contribute to economic stress on America’s agricultural producers and infrastructure by disrupting or transforming markets, systems, or resources that America’s farmers, ranchers, and rural service providers rely on to remain profitable.In a tightly-linked global economy, recent or continuing disruptive global events have contributed and may continue to contribute to economic stress on America’s agricultural producers and rural infrastructure by disrupting or transforming markets, systems, or resources that America’s farmers, ranchers, and rural service providers rely on to remain profitable. This includes supply chain disruptions that prevent producers from accessing critical resources or that inhibit exports, inflationary effects that put downward pressure on demand for agricultural products or that may increase production expenses, and higher interest rates that may increase the risk that our borrowers may default on their loans. Depending on the severity and frequency of these types of disruptive events, as well as the capability of governments and global markets to effectively mitigate the resulting negative effects, a prolonged period of economic stress, including a broader economic downturn or recession, could ensue from these events, which could increase stress on our borrowers and their ability to remain profitable and make payments on their loans.

Unless we have transferred the credit risk to a third party, we assume the ultimate credit risk of borrower defaults on our agricultural mortgage and infrastructure loan assets, and our earnings, which come from net interest income, guarantee fees, and commitment fees on those assets, depend significantly on their performance. Widespread and sustained repayment shortfalls on loans in our portfolio could result in losses, particularly if the value of the available collateral does not cover our exposure, and could materially and adversely affect our business, operations, operating results, financial condition, liquidity, or capital levels. Widespread and sustained repayment shortfalls on loans in Farmer Mac's portfolio could result in losses, particularly if the value of the available collateral does not cover Farmer Mac's exposure, and could materially and adversely affect Farmer Mac’s business, operations, operating results, financial condition, liquidity, or capital levels. The occurrence of these disruptive events and resulting negative economic effects may also heighten other risk factors described in this report.

Weather-related events or other natural or environmental disasters could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial condition.

In addition to the general risks posed by adverse weather conditions, our exposure to credit risk and the market value of loan collateral is potentially subject to risks associated with farmers and ranchers facing increasing, (in both frequency and severity), weather incidents. The U.S. experienced 23 separate billion-

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dollar weather disasters in 2025, surpassed only by the 27 billion-dollar weather disasters in 2024 and the 28 billion-dollar weather disasters in 2023, both of which significantly exceeded the previous high set in 2020 (which had 22 billion-dollar weather disasters) as the highest level in the more than 40 years tracked by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Many climatologists predict increases in average temperatures, more extreme temperatures, and increases in volatile weather over time. These physical changes may prompt changes in regulations or consumer preferences, which in turn could have negative consequences for the business models of borrowers, such as increasing costs, reducing the value of assets, and increasing operating expenses. The effects of severe weather events could make some agricultural properties less suitable for farming or for other alternative uses. The effects of climate change could make some agricultural properties less suitable for farming or for other alternative uses. Extended periods of drought and dryness can reduce agricultural productivity, cause lasting damage to permanent crops like fruit and tree nuts, and result in producers leaving some fields fallow due to lack of water. These and other effects of severe weather could have an adverse impact on farming operations and the value of loan collateral, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial condition. These and other effects of climate change could have an adverse impact on farming operations and the value of loan collateral, which could have a material adverse effect on Farmer Mac’s business, operating results, or financial condition.

Political and other external factors outside of our or borrowers' control may impair borrowers' profitability and ability to repay their loans in our portfolio, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or capital levels.

Changes in U.S. trade policies (including tariffs and trade restrictions), tax policies, environmental regulations, and immigration laws could result in significant impacts on agricultural producers and the broader agricultural sector, as well as the infrastructure sector. These changes could lead to both favorable and unfavorable conditions, influencing trade dynamics, the strength of the U.S. dollar, labor costs and availability, and regulatory frameworks. Infrastructure borrowers (particularly those involved in renewable energy projects) may experience delays in completing current projects or future investments in renewable energy and battery storage projects as well as deployment of fiber and broadband infrastructure in rural areas. The agricultural and infrastructure sectors may experience varying degrees of disruption and adaptation in response to political developments and these evolving policies, and these changes could increase the uncertainty and volatility of profitability in the agriculture and infrastructure sectors in the near-term.

Other external factors beyond our or borrowers' control could impair borrowers' profitability, such as volatility in demand for agricultural products or electricity in rural areas; variability in borrowers' input costs; increased competition among producers due to oversupply or available alternatives; and adverse changes in interest rates and land values. Any of these factors could put downward pressure on the value and profitability of a farming, agribusiness, or rural infrastructure operation, which could then inhibit the related borrower's repayment capacity on one or more loans from that borrower in our portfolio. Any of these factors could put downward pressure on the value and profitability of a farming, agribusiness or rural utilities operation, which could then inhibit the related borrower's repayment capacity on one or more loans that Farmer Mac may have from that borrower in its portfolio. A significant number of defaults, or a single default from a large borrower exposure, stemming from one or more of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or capital levels. A significant number of defaults, or a single default from a large borrower exposure, stemming from one or more of these factors could have a material adverse effect on Farmer Mac's financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or capital levels.

A decline in the value of collateral securing loans in our portfolio or a decline in the value of our borrowers could increase the probability of loss in the event of default, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or capital levels.

Our credit risk may increase due to a decline in the collateral values securing the loans in our portfolio.Farmer Mac's credit risk may increase due to decline in the collateral values securing the loans in Farmer Mac's portfolio. Specialized or highly improved collateral, such as storage and processing facilities, permanent plantings, rural utilities, broadband, and renewable energy facilities, increase the risk of undercollateralization in a default scenario because producers requiring specialized or highly improved collateral are generally less

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able to adapt their operations or switch functional production when faced with adverse conditions. Highly improved properties also face higher risk of loss in a default scenario, as the pool of potential purchasers in a sale or foreclosure action may be smaller for a highly improved property than for a property that is adaptable to multiple uses. If a borrower defaults and we foreclose on a loan secured by property that is specialized or highly improved, we have experienced, and may in the future experience, losses if the value of the property has dropped significantly since origination or if there is a limited pool of potential purchasers willing to purchase the property at the price necessary for us to recoup our investment. If a borrower defaults and Farmer Mac forecloses on a loan secured by property that is specialized or highly improved, Farmer Mac has experienced, and may in the future experience, losses if the value of the property has dropped significantly since origination or if there is a limited pool of potential purchasers willing to purchase the property at the price necessary for Farmer Mac to recoup its investment. Our credit risk may also increase due to a decline in the enterprise value of borrowers whose loans have been underwritten based on the estimated value of the borrower as a going concern. Farmer Mac's credit risk may also increase due to a decline in the enterprise value of borrowers whose loans have been underwritten based on the estimated value of the borrower as a going concern. External market factors outside of the borrower's control may cause stress in the related industry, such as decrease in market demand, disruptions in supply chain, geopolitical or regulatory action, or increased market competition. A borrower's management decisions, such as poorly executed acquisitions or growth strategies or inability to adapt to changing market conditions, may also adversely affect that borrower's ability to repay its loan. In these scenarios, the borrower may experience downward pressure on cash flows and liquidity, which not only may contribute to an increased risk of default, but also could decrease the borrower's enterprise value. We have incurred, and may in the future incur, losses if the value of the collateral securing a loan or the enterprise value of a borrower is less than the outstanding principal balance of the loan at the time of foreclosure or sale, liquidation, or other disposition of the business. Farmer Mac may incur losses if the value of the collateral securing a loan or the enterprise value of a borrower is less than the outstanding principal balance of Farmer Mac's loan at the time of foreclosure or sale, liquidation, or other disposition of the business. If losses caused by declines in collateral value or borrower enterprise value occur across a large number of loans, or across loans with large principal balances in the aggregate, this could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or capital levels.

Concentrations in our loan or investment portfolios, or to one or more borrowers or counterparties, may increase our exposure to credit risk, which could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.Concentrations in Farmer Mac's loan or investments portfolios, or to one or more borrowers or counterparties, may increase Farmer Mac's exposure to credit risk, which could materially and adversely affect its business, operating results, and financial condition.

Our exposure to credit risk may increase due to concentrations in our loan portfolio, which can include concentrated exposure to particular commodities, geographic regions, or collateral types, as well as concentrations in processing and manufacturing segments of agricultural supply chains or in rural utilities or renewable energy industries.Farmer Mac's exposure to credit risk may increase due to concentrations in its loan portfolio, which can include concentrated exposure to particular commodities, geographic regions, or collateral types, as well as concentrations in processing and manufacturing segments of agricultural supply chains or in rural utilities or renewable energy industries. Widespread weakening in the financial condition of borrowers within a particular geographic region that produce particular commodities or rely on particular collateral, that engage in processes or production that depend on a fluid supply chain, or that produce or provide a specialized infrastructure service or product could negatively affect our financial condition if sufficient diversity in these areas does not successfully mitigate concentration risk.

Our exposure to credit risk may also increase due to concentrated exposure to a particular borrower or counterparty. Our portfolio consists of loans varying in size and by borrower, including large exposures ($25 million or more) to individual borrowers. Farmer Mac’s portfolio consists of loans varying in size and by borrower, including large exposures ($25 million or more) to individual borrowers. The default of any one of these borrowers could negatively affect our financial condition. The default of any one of these borrowers could negatively affect Farmer Mac's financial condition. We also have concentrated exposures to individual business counterparties on AgVantage securities, which are general obligations of institutional counterparties secured by Eligible Loans held by the issuing institution. Farmer Mac also has concentrated 36 exposures to individual business counterparties on AgVantage securities, which are general obligations of institutional counterparties secured by eligible loans held by the issuing institution. Although AgVantage securities are collateralized by Eligible Loans in a principal amount equal to or greater than the principal amount of the securities outstanding, we could suffer losses if the market value of the loan collateral declines and the counterparty defaults. Although AgVantage securities are collateralized by eligible loans in a principal amount equal to or greater than the principal amount of the securities outstanding, Farmer Mac could suffer losses if the market value of the loan collateral declines and the counterparty defaults. Taking possession of the loan collateral upon a default by the AgVantage counterparty could also result in higher current expected credit losses for our loans held on balance sheet, as well as increased capital requirements. As of December 31, 2025, $7.6 billion of the $8.4 billion of AgVantage securities outstanding had been issued by three counterparties. A default by any of these counterparties could have a significant adverse effect on Farmer Mac's business, operating results, and financial condition.

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Our exposure to credit risk may also increase due to concentrated exposure to one or more investment types or counterparties in the investment portfolio we maintain for liquidity. This investment portfolio consists primarily of cash and cash equivalents, U.S. Treasury securities, investment securities guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies and GSEs, and asset-backed securities backed primarily by U.S. Government-guaranteed loans. We regularly review concentration limits to ensure that our investments are appropriately diversified and comply with policies approved by our board of directors and with applicable FCA regulations, but we are still exposed to credit risk from issuers of the investment securities we hold, particularly to issuers to whom we may have a higher concentration of exposure relative to the rest of our investment portfolio. Farmer Mac regularly reviews concentration limits to ensure that its investments are appropriately diversified and comply with policies approved by Farmer Mac's board of directors and with applicable FCA regulations, but Farmer Mac is still exposed to credit risk from issuers of the investment securities it holds, particularly to issuers to whom Farmer Mac may have a higher concentration of exposure relative to the rest of Farmer Mac's investment portfolio. For example, as of December 31, 2025, we held at fair value $4.9 billion of investment securities guaranteed by GSEs. For example, as of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac held at fair value $3.7 billion of investment securities guaranteed by GSEs. A default by multiple issuers of investment securities we hold or by a single issuer of investment securities in which we are more heavily concentrated could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. A default by multiple issuers of investment securities held by Farmer Mac or by a single issuer of investment securities in which Farmer Mac is more heavily concentrated could have an adverse effect on Farmer Mac's business, operating results, and financial condition.

Our Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs expose us to significant contingent liabilities, and our ability to fulfill our obligations under our guarantees and LTSPCs may be limited.

Our guarantee and purchase commitment obligations to third parties, including LTSPCs and securities that we guarantee, are solely our obligations and are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States, FCA, or any other agency or instrumentality of the United States other than Farmer Mac.Farmer Mac's guarantee and purchase commitment obligations to third parties, including LTSPCs and securities guaranteed by Farmer Mac, are obligations of Farmer Mac only and are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States, FCA, or any other agency or instrumentality of the United States other than Farmer Mac. As of December 31, 2025, we had $5.4 billion of contingent liabilities related to LTSPCs and securities issued to third parties that we guarantee, which represents our exposure if all loans underlying these LTSPCs and guarantees defaulted and we recovered no value from the related collateral. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had $4.1 billion of contingent liabilities related to LTSPCs and securities issued to third parties and guaranteed by Farmer Mac, which represents Farmer Mac's exposure if all loans underlying these LTSPCs and guarantees defaulted and Farmer Mac recovered no value from the related collateral. If this were to occur, the funds available for payment on these guarantees and LTSPCs could be substantially less than the aggregate amount of the corresponding liabilities. As of December 31, 2025, we held cash, cash equivalents, and other investment securities with a fair value of $7.8 billion that could be used as a source of funds for payment on our obligations, including our guarantee and LTSPC obligations. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac held cash, cash equivalents, and other investment securities with a fair value of $5.9 billion that could be used as a source of funds for payment on its obligations, including its guarantee and LTSPC obligations. Although we believe that we remain well-collateralized on the assets underlying our guarantee and LTSPC obligations to third parties and that the estimated probable losses for these obligations remain low relative to the amount available for payment of claims on these obligations, our total contingent liabilities for these obligations could exceed the amount we may have available for payment of our obligations, including claims on contingent obligations. Although Farmer Mac believes that it remains well-collateralized on the assets underlying its guarantee and LTSPC obligations to third parties and that the estimated probable losses for these obligations remain low relative to the amount available for payment of claims on these obligations, Farmer Mac's total contingent liabilities for these obligations could exceed the amount it may have available for payment of Farmer Mac's obligations, including claims on Farmer Mac's contingent obligations. See MD&A—Risk Management—Credit Risk – Loans and Guarantees for more information on our management of credit risk.

We are exposed to counterparty risk on both our cleared and non-cleared swaps transactions that could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.37 Farmer Mac is exposed to counterparty risk on both its cleared and non-cleared swaps transactions that could materially and adversely affect its business, operating results, and financial condition.

We use interest rate swap contracts and hedging arrangements to manage our interest rate risk.Farmer Mac uses interest rate swap contracts and hedging arrangements to manage its interest rate risk. We clear a significant portion of our interest rate swaps through a swap clearinghouse and use the services of a futures commission merchant to post and receive mark-to-market margin amounts. Farmer Mac clears a significant portion of its interest rate swaps through a swap clearinghouse and uses the services of a futures commission merchant to post and receive mark-to-market margin amounts. We also transact non-cleared (bilateral) derivative contracts directly with swap counterparties and post and receive collateral to secure the market value of those contracts. Farmer Mac also transacts non-cleared (bilateral) derivative contracts directly with swap counterparties and posts and receives collateral to secure the market value of those contracts. A failure of any of these counterparties could cause intra-day disruption for our swap operations if the failure were to prompt a termination of all or part of our swap positions or if we were unable to quickly access margin or collateral amounts. A failure of any of these counterparties could cause intra-day disruption for Farmer Mac's swap operations if the failure were to prompt a termination of all or part of Farmer Mac's swap positions or if Farmer Mac were unable to quickly access margin or collateral amounts. These conditions could be exacerbated in volatile market conditions, in which the market could move against our position before we have time to reposition our swaps. These conditions could be exacerbated in volatile market conditions, in which the market could move against Farmer Mac's position before Farmer Mac had time to reposition its swaps. These events could have a negative effect on our operations and liquidity and could expose us to more interest rate risk, which could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition. These events could have a negative effect on Farmer Mac's operations and liquidity and could expose Farmer Mac to more interest rate risk, which could materially and adversely affect its business, operating results, and financial condition. As of December 31, 2025, the aggregate notional

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balance of our cleared swaps was $19.4 billion, and the aggregate notional balance of our non-cleared swaps was $6.0 billion.

Strategic and Business Risk

Our business, operating results, financial condition, and capital levels may be materially and adversely affected by external factors that may affect the demand for our secondary market, the price or marketability of our products, or our ability to offer our products and services.
Our business, operating results, financial condition, and capital levels may be materially and adversely affected by external factors that may affect the price or marketability of our products and services or our ability to offer our products and services, including, but not limited to:
disruptions in the debt or equity capital markets;
competitive pressures in our loan purchase and guarantee activities or in the issuance of our debt securities;
changes in interest rates that may increase our funding costs;
market or customer perception of our reputation;
legislative or regulatory developments adversely affecting our ability to offer new products, the ability or motivation of lenders to participate in our lines of business, or the cost of related corporate activities;
reduced demand for agricultural real estate loans or infrastructure loans due to regional, domestic, or global economic conditions; and
expanded funding alternatives available to agricultural and infrastructure borrowers.

An inability to access the equity and debt capital markets could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, liquidity, and capital levels.An inability to access the equity and debt capital markets could have a material adverse effect on Farmer Mac's business, operating results, financial condition, liquidity, and capital levels.
Our ability to operate our business, meet our obligations, generate asset volume growth, and fulfill our statutory mission depends on our continued access to the U.S. financial markets at favorable rates and terms to remain adequately capitalized through the issuance of equity and with adequate access to liquidity through the issuance of debt securities. The issuance of debt securities is our primary source for repaying or refinancing existing debt and to fund contingent liabilities, as needed. The issuance of debt securities is Farmer Mac's 38 primary source for repaying or refinancing existing debt and to fund contingent liabilities, as needed. Our ability to access the debt and equity markets to raise capital, fund our assets, repay debt, and earn net interest income depends on market perception of Farmer Mac. Farmer Mac's ability to access the debt and equity markets to raise capital, fund its assets, repay debt, and earn net interest income depends on market perception of Farmer Mac. If we are unable to access the U.S. financial markets to issue equity or debt securities at favorable rates and terms, our business, operating results, liquidity, or financial condition could be adversely affected.

The loss of business from key business counterparties or customers, including AgVantage counterparties, could weaken our business and decrease our revenues and profits.The loss of business from key business counterparties or customers, including AgVantage counterparties, could weaken Farmer Mac's business and decrease its revenues and profits.

Our business and ability to generate revenues and profits largely depends on our ability to purchase Eligible Loans or place Eligible Loans under guarantees or LTSPCs and to purchase or guarantee AgVantage securities.Farmer Mac's business and ability to generate revenues and profits largely depends on its ability to purchase eligible loans or place eligible loans under guarantees or LTSPCs and to purchase or guarantee AgVantage securities. We conduct a significant portion of our business with a few business counterparties. This concentration of business could potentially result in increased variability in our business as existing assets pay down or mature and the status and needs of our customers evolve. This concentration of business could potentially result in increased variability in Farmer Mac's business as existing assets pay down or mature and the status and needs of Farmer Mac's customers evolve. In 2025, ten institutions generated approximately 55% of loan purchase volume in the Agricultural Finance line of business. Between December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, the outstanding balance of our AgVantage

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securities decreased by approximately $0.1 billion. As of December 31, 2025, approximately 90.6% of the $8.4 billion outstanding principal amount of AgVantage securities (of which $1.2 billion and $0.9 billion will be maturing in 2026 and 2027, respectively) were issued by three institutions. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 90.1% of the $10.0 billion outstanding principal amount of AgVantage securities (of which $2.4 billion and $1.2 billion will be maturing in 2024 and 2025, respectively) were issued by three institutions. As of December 31, 2025, transactions with two institutions represented nearly all of the business volume under our Infrastructure Finance line of business. As of December 31, 2023, transactions with two institutions represented nearly all of the business volume under Farmer Mac's Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business. Our ability to maintain the current relationships with our business counterparties or customers and the business generated by those business counterparties or customers is significant to our business. Farmer Mac's ability to maintain the current relationships with its business counterparties or customers and the business generated by those business counterparties or customers is significant to Farmer Mac's business. As a result, the loss of business from any one of our key business counterparties could decrease our revenues and profitability. As a result, the loss of business from any one of Farmer Mac's key business counterparties could decrease Farmer Mac's revenues and profitability. We may be unable to replace the loss of business of a key business counterparty or customer with alternate sources of business due to limitations on the types of assets eligible for our secondary market, which could adversely affect our business and decrease our revenues and profits. Farmer Mac may be unable to replace the loss of business of a key business counterparty or customer with alternate sources of business due to limitations on the types of assets eligible for Farmer Mac's secondary market, which could adversely affect Farmer Mac's business and decrease its revenues and profits.

Our efforts to expand product offerings and services to our customers expose us to business, operational and other risks that could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, or financial condition.Farmer Mac's efforts to expand product offerings and services to its customers exposes Farmer Mac to operational risk that could materially and adversely affect its business, operating results, or financial condition.

As the needs of our customer base and rural America evolve, we seek to respond by offering new products and services to meet these needs.As the needs of Farmer Mac's customer base and rural America evolve, Farmer Mac seeks to respond by offering new products and services to meet these needs. We invest significant time and resources in developing and marketing new products and services. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new products or services may not be achieved, and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with laws and regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting consumer preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new product or service. Further, as we expand our product offerings and services, we are exposed to operational risk in implementing these new products and services. As Farmer Mac expands its product offerings and services, it is exposed to operational risk in implementing these new products and services. New products and services may require new operational processes, which often require new internal controls to manage new risks that these new processes present. If these controls are insufficient or ineffective to manage the risks inherent in these new processes, or if there is human error in executing these new controls either due to their novelty or otherwise, we could face financial loss, reputational damage, or regulatory enforcement, which could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, or financial condition. If these controls are insufficient or ineffective to manage the risks inherent in these new processes, or if there is human error in executing these new controls either due to their novelty or otherwise, Farmer Mac could face financial loss, reputational damage, or regulatory enforcement, which could materially and adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, or financial condition.

Operational Risk

The inadequacy or failure of our operational systems, cybersecurity program, internal controls or processes, or infrastructure, or those of third parties, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial condition.

We are exposed to operational risk due to the complex nature of our business operations and the processes and systems used to undertake our business activities and comply with regulatory requirements.Farmer Mac is exposed to operational risk due to the complex nature of its business operations and the processes and systems used to undertake its business activities and comply with regulatory requirements. Operational risk includes the risk of loss resulting from:

inadequate or failed internal processes, systems, cybersecurity program, or infrastructure;
inability to successfully implement enhancements to any of these or migrate to new systems or infrastructure;
any cybersecurity incident or compromise of our information systems or security measures (including of our third parties), or the unauthorized access and/or acquisition of data;
failed execution of system implementations and upgrades;
human error, malfeasance, or other misconduct;
undetected or unknown errors, defects, or vulnerabilities in third party software or cybersecurity

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incidents related to third party software;
inadequate or failed internal controls or processes to detect or prevent fraud or other violations of law or regulations; or
external events, including a disruption involving physical site access, catastrophic events, natural disasters, terrorist activities, or disease pandemics.

We rely on business processes that largely depend on people, technology, and the use of complex systems and models to manage our business, process a high volume of daily transactions, and generate the records on which our financial statements are based. Inadequacies or failures in our internal processes, personnel, systems, cybersecurity program, or infrastructure could lead to a significant disruption to business operations; unauthorized access to, or acquisition, destruction, alteration, release, theft, or loss of, confidential, proprietary, or personal data; fraud on our business and customers; extortion; financial and economic loss or costs; errors in our financial statements; impairment of our liquidity; harm to our employees, customers, or vendors; liability or service interruptions to our customers; loss of customers or vendors; violation of data protection laws and other litigation and legal risk; increased regulatory or legislative scrutiny; or reputational damage. Inadequacies or failures in Farmer Mac's internal processes, personnel, systems, cybersecurity program, or infrastructure could lead to a significant disruption to business operations; unauthorized access to, or acquisition, destruction, alteration, release, theft, or loss of, confidential, proprietary, or personal data; fraud on Farmer Mac's 40 business and customers; extortion; financial and economic loss or costs; errors in its financial statements; impairment of its liquidity; harm to its employees, customers, or vendors; liability or service interruptions to its customers; loss of customers or vendors; violation of data protection laws and other litigation and legal risk; increased regulatory or legislative scrutiny; or reputational damage.

The potential for operational risk exposure also exists as a result of our interactions with, and reliance on, third parties and we are aware of cybersecurity incidents involving third parties in the past. Our business relies on our ability to process, evaluate, and interpret significant amounts of information, much of which third parties provide or process. Farmer Mac's business relies on its ability to process, evaluate, and interpret significant amounts of information, much of which third parties provide or process. Yet our ability to implement safeguards preventing disruption or unauthorized access to third-party systems or infrastructure is more limited than for our own systems or infrastructure. Yet Farmer Mac's ability to implement safeguards preventing disruption or unauthorized access to third-party systems or infrastructure is more limited than for its own systems or infrastructure. Although we have not experienced a material loss due to a breach of third party systems, unauthorized access to a third party service provider's information technology assets or data may significantly impact our operations in the same manner as incidents on our own systems. If the financial, accounting, data processing, backup, information technology, or other operating systems and infrastructure of third parties with whom we interact or upon whom we rely fail to operate properly, are subject to unauthorized access or improper use, or are disrupted, then we may be impacted in the same manner as we would be due to inadequacies or failures in our own internal processes, personnel, systems, cybersecurity program, or infrastructure. If the financial, accounting, data processing, backup, information technology, or other operating systems and infrastructure of third parties with whom Farmer Mac interacts or upon whom it relies fail to operate properly, are subject to unauthorized access, or are disrupted, then Farmer Mac may be impacted in the same manner as it would be due to inadequacies or failures in Farmer Mac's own internal processes, personnel, systems, cybersecurity program, or infrastructure.

Our internal loan servicing function and reliance on third-party servicers exposes us to operational risks that could adversely affect our business, operating results, or financial condition.

Effective and reliable loan servicing is essential for us to successfully operate our business. We service a sizable portion of our Agricultural Finance mortgage loan and USDA Securities portfolios, as well as eligible agricultural mortgage loans that are held by an unrelated third party. We also continue to rely on experienced third-party servicers to service the portion of our Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio that we do not service directly. Although we have established servicing standards and requirements to which these third-party servicers are required by contract to adhere and on which they must report to us, we do not manage the processes and controls of these third-party servicers. Although Farmer Mac has established servicing standards and requirements to which these third-party servicers are required by contract to adhere and on which they must report to Farmer Mac, Farmer Mac does not manage the processes and controls of these third-party servicers. The ineffective implementation, operation, or oversight of one or more of the servicing processes or controls we employ or any of our third-party servicers could expose us to operational risk that could adversely affect our business, operating results, or financial condition. The ineffective implementation, operation, or oversight of one or more of the servicing processes or controls employed by Farmer Mac or any of its third-party servicers could expose Farmer Mac to operational risk that could adversely affect Farmer Mac’s business, operating results, or financial condition.

A deficiency, failure, interruption, or breach in our or our service providers' technology and information systems, infrastructure, or cybersecurity program, including the occurrence of a cybersecurity incident, could adversely affect our business, operating results, or financial condition.

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To conduct and manage our business operations, we rely heavily on technology and information systems, including from third parties, for the secure collection, processing, transmission, and storage of confidential, proprietary, and personal information in our information systems (and those of third parties). These technology and information systems encompass an integrated set of hardware, software, infrastructure, and personnel organized to facilitate our planning, control, coordination, operations, and decision-making processes. Risks to our information systems and data as a result of cybersecurity attacks has increased as the importance and complexity of our technology and information systems has increased, and as new technologies are developed that are used by us, our customers, and our service providers to support our business and operations. Like many other financial institutions, we and our third-party service providers, vendors, and suppliers face regular attacks by threat actors attempting to gain unauthorized access to, or disrupt, information systems and access or acquire data, including from organized criminal groups, hackers, nation states, activists, insiders, and others. Like many other financial institutions, Farmer Mac and its third party service providers face regular attacks by threat actors attempting to gain unauthorized access to, or disrupt, its information systems and access or acquire its data, including from organized criminal groups, hackers, nation states, activists, insiders, and other unauthorized third parties. These threats come from a variety of different sources, including cyber-attacks, computer viruses, malware, exploits of system and network vulnerabilities, human error, phishing, ransomware, and distributed denial of service attacks. The threats we and our third-party service providers face and the methods used to gain unauthorized access to or disrupt information systems and data are evolving. The threats Farmer Mac faces and the methods used to gain unauthorized access to or disrupt its information systems and data, or those of its service providers, are evolving. We are not always able to prevent or recognize attacks, our existing cybersecurity defenses may not be sufficient to detect attacks in a timely manner or to fully investigate an attack, and we may be unable to implement effective preventive measures or proactively address these threats until after a cybersecurity incident has been discovered. We require third parties who collect, process, or store confidential, proprietary, or personal data to adhere to security policies, processes, and controls. Farmer Mac requires third parties who collect, process, or store confidential, proprietary, or personal data to adhere to security policies, processes, and controls. Farmer Mac requires third parties who collect, process, or store confidential, proprietary, or personal data to adhere to security policies, processes, and controls. We also may have limited or no control over our service providers' handling of cybersecurity incidents, including their recognition and prevention practices. Any of our employees or agents (or our third-party customers or vendors) who have authorized access to confidential, proprietary, or personal information could also intentionally, inadvertently, or erroneously disseminate the information to unauthorized third parties. Moreover, any employees or agents of Farmer Mac’s (or its third-party customers or vendors) who have authorized access to confidential, proprietary, or personal information could also intentionally, inadvertently, or erroneously disseminate the information to unauthorized third parties.

Our current information security program with cybersecurity procedures, policies, training, practices, and controls, may not be sufficient to prevent unauthorized access to our information technology assets or data, which could lead to a significant disruption to business operations; unauthorized access to or acquisition, destruction, alteration, release, theft, or loss of confidential, proprietary, or personal data; fraud (on us and/or our customers); extortion; financial and economic loss or costs; errors in our financial statements; impairment of liquidity; harm to employees, customers, or vendors; liability or service interruptions to our customers; loss of customers or vendors; violation of data protection laws and other litigation and legal risk; increased regulatory or legislative scrutiny; or reputational damage. Even when an attempted cybersecurity attack or other security breach is successfully avoided or thwarted, we may need to expend substantial resources in doing so, may be required to take actions that could adversely affect customer satisfaction or behavior, or may be exposed to reputational damage. We also could be subject to litigation and government enforcement actions as a result of any failure in our procedures, policies, practices, and controls. Any such claim or proceeding could cause us to incur significant unplanned expenses in excess of our insurance coverage, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Any such claim or proceeding could cause us to incur significant unplanned expenses in excess of Farmer Mac's insurance coverage, which could adversely affect Farmer Mac's financial condition and results of operations. The amount and scope of insurance we maintain may not cover all expenses related to those claims. The amount and scope of insurance Farmer Mac maintains may not cover all expenses related to such claims. Also, the risk of unauthorized access to confidential, proprietary, or personal information through information system breaches or inadvertent dissemination may be heightened in a remote-working environment, which is currently more prevalent at Farmer Mac. Finally, the risk of unauthorized access to confidential, proprietary, or personal information through information system breaches or inadvertent dissemination may be heightened in a remote-working environment, which is currently more prevalent at Farmer Mac.

Failure by our third-party loan servicers, third-party applications, information systems providers (including artificial intelligence systems), and other service providers to protect confidential

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information from unauthorized access and dissemination could have a negative effect on our business, operating results, or financial condition.

We rely on third parties, including loan servicers, information systems providers, software-as-a-service (SaaS) providers, cloud computing service providers, law firms, and other service providers, to perform various functions that support our business and operations. We depend on these third parties to collect, process, transmit, and store a variety of confidential, proprietary, or personal information, including sensitive financial information and customer information. Farmer Mac depends on these third parties to collect, process, transmit, and store a variety of confidential, proprietary, or personal information, including sensitive financial information and customer information. Just as we are subject to numerous cyber-attacks from a variety of actors, so too are these third parties. Just as Farmer Mac is 42 subject to numerous cyber-attacks from a variety of actors, so too are these third parties. We require third parties who collect, process, or store confidential, proprietary, or personal data to adhere to security policies, processes, and controls. Farmer Mac requires third parties who collect, process, or store confidential, proprietary, or personal data to adhere to security policies, processes, and controls. Farmer Mac requires third parties who collect, process, or store confidential, proprietary, or personal data to adhere to security policies, processes, and controls. However, the control systems, cybersecurity program, infrastructure, and personnel associated with third parties with which we do business or obtain services are beyond our control. However, the control systems, cybersecurity program, infrastructure, and personnel associated with third parties with which Farmer Mac does business or obtains services are beyond its control. We also may have limited or no control over third parties handling of cybersecurity incidents, including their recognition and prevention practices. We are aware of cybersecurity incidents involving our third party service providers in the past. Although we have not experienced a material loss of data or disruption of our operations due to a breach of third party systems, unauthorized access to a third party service provider's information technology assets or data may significantly impact our operations in the same manner as incidents on our own systems.

We rely upon a variety of third-party applications, services, and tools that we do not develop, including artificial intelligence systems and cloud-based platforms and related data centers, to host data and support and operate certain aspects of our services and business operations. The effective adoption, integration, and leveraging of existing and emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence and machine learning systems into our operations, presents operational and business risks, including system failures, inaccuracies with artificial intelligence outputs, and the investment of time and resources to develop and implement successful artificial intelligence solutions in a rapidly changing competitive market.

The unauthorized access to, acquisition, misuse, mishandling, unavailability, or destruction of our data or confidential information stored by these third parties or on their applications and systems, including artificial intelligence systems, or unauthorized access to or disruption of these third party applications, services, or tools could result in: unauthorized access to our own systems; significant disruption to our business operations; fraud (on us and/or our customers); extortion; financial and economic losses or costs; errors in financial statements; impairment of liquidity; harm to employees, customers, or vendors; liability or service interruptions to customers; loss of customers or vendors; violation of data protection laws and other litigation and legal risk; increased regulatory or legislative scrutiny; reputational damage; or litigation and government enforcement actions. The unauthorized access to, acquisition, misuse, mishandling, unavailability, or destruction of Farmer Mac's data or confidential information stored by these third parties or on their applications and systems, or unauthorized access to or disruption of these third party applications, services, or tools could result in: unauthorized access to Farmer Mac's own systems; significant disruption to its business operations; fraud (on Farmer Mac and/or its customers); extortion; financial and economic losses or costs; errors in financial statements; impairment of its liquidity; harm to its employees, customers, or vendors; liability or service interruptions to its customers; loss of customers or vendors; violation of data protection laws and other litigation and legal risk; increased regulatory or legislative scrutiny; reputational damage; or litigation and government enforcement actions.

If our management of risk based on model assumptions and output is not effective, our business, operating results, financial condition, or capital levels could be materially adversely affected.

We continually develop and adapt profitability and risk management models to adequately address a wide range of possible market developments.Farmer Mac continually develops and adapts profitability and risk management models to adequately address a wide range of possible market developments. Some of our qualitative tools and metrics for managing risk are based on use of observed historical market behavior. Some of Farmer Mac's qualitative tools and metrics for managing risk are based on its use of observed historical market behavior. We apply statistical and other tools to these observations to quantify our risks. These tools and metrics may fail to predict future or unanticipated risks or may not be effective in mitigating our risk exposure in all economic market environments or against all types of risk, which could expose us to material unanticipated losses. Our inability to effectively identify and manage the risks inherent in our business could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, or capital levels. The inability of Farmer Mac to effectively identify and manage the risks inherent in its business could have a material adverse effect on its business, operating results, financial condition, or capital levels.

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Market Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk that could materially and adversely affect our operating results or financial condition.

We are subject to interest rate risk due to the timing differences in the cash flows of the assets we hold and the liabilities issued to fund those assets.Farmer Mac is subject to interest rate risk due to the timing differences in the cash flows of the assets it holds and the liabilities issued to fund those assets. Our primary strategy for managing interest rate risk is to fund asset purchases with debt together with financial derivatives that have similar duration and convexity characteristics to help mitigate impacts from interest rate changes across the yield curve. Farmer Mac's primary strategy for managing interest rate risk is to fund asset purchases with debt together with financial derivatives that have similar duration and convexity characteristics to help mitigate impacts from interest rate changes across the yield curve. However, the ability of borrowers to prepay their loans before the scheduled maturities increases the likelihood of asset and liability cash flow mismatches. In a changing interest rate environment, these cash flow mismatches affect our earnings if assets repay sooner than expected and the resulting cash flows must be reinvested in lower-yielding investments, particularly if our related funding costs cannot be correspondingly repaid. In a changing interest rate environment, these cash flow mismatches affect Farmer Mac's earnings if assets repay sooner than expected and the resulting cash flows must be reinvested in lower-yielding investments, particularly if Farmer Mac's related funding costs cannot be correspondingly repaid. Conversely, if assets repay more slowly than anticipated and the associated debt issued to fund the assets must be reissued at a higher interest rate, our earnings could be adversely affected. In addition, rapid changes in interest rates could have a negative effect on our net interest income across quarters. In addition, rapid changes in interest rates could have a negative effect on Farmer Mac's net interest income across quarters. A future period of rapid increase or decline in interest rates may create or exacerbate periods of market volatility that could adversely affect our ability to manage interest rate risk, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results or financial condition. Furthermore, a future period of rapid increase or decline in interest rates may create or exacerbate periods of market volatility that could adversely affect Farmer Mac's ability to manage interest rate risk, which could have a material adverse effect on Farmer Mac's operating results or financial condition. See MD&A—Risk Management—Interest Rate Risk for more information on our management of interest rate risk.

We are also subject to repricing risk, which is the risk that our funding cost relative to a benchmark index (for example, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate known as "SOFR") will increase from the time the initial funding was issued and the time the liabilities are re-funded.Farmer Mac is also subject to repricing risk, which is the risk that Farmer Mac's funding cost relative to a benchmark index (for example, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate known as "SOFR") will increase from the time the initial funding was issued and the time the liabilities are re-funded. This repricing risk arises from a funding strategy whereby we issue floating rate debt across a variety of maturities to fund floating or synthetically floating rate assets that on average may have longer maturities. This repricing risk arises from a funding strategy whereby Farmer Mac issues floating rate debt across a variety of maturities to fund floating or synthetically floating rate assets that on average may have longer maturities. A significant increase in the difference between our funding cost relative to the benchmark index, including SOFR, may compress spread income on the assets we hold and seek to re-fund with the higher cost funding. A significant increase in the difference between Farmer Mac's funding cost relative to the benchmark index, including SOFR, may compress spread income on the assets Farmer Mac holds and seeks to re-fund with the higher cost funding. Widespread compression within a short timeframe could adversely affect our operating results or financial condition. Widespread compression within a short timeframe could adversely affect Farmer Mac's operating results or financial condition.

Changes in interest rates relative to our management of interest rate risk through derivatives may cause volatility in financial results and capital levels and may adversely affect our net income, liquidity position, or operating results.Changes in interest rates relative to Farmer Mac's management of interest rate risk through derivatives may cause volatility in financial results and capital levels and may adversely affect Farmer Mac's net income, liquidity position, or operating results.

We enter into financial derivatives transactions to hedge interest rate risks inherent in our business and we carry our financial derivatives at fair value in our consolidated financial statements. Although our financial derivatives provide economic hedges of interest rate risk, changes in the fair value of financial derivatives can cause volatility in net income and in capital, particularly if those financial derivatives are not designated in hedge accounting relationships or if there is any ineffectiveness in a hedge accounting relationship. Although 44 Farmer Mac's financial derivatives provide economic hedges of interest rate risk, changes in the fair values of financial derivatives can cause volatility in net income and in capital, particularly if those financial derivatives are not designated in hedge accounting relationships or if there is any ineffectiveness in a hedge accounting relationship. As interest rates increase or decrease, the fair values of our derivatives change based on the position we hold relative to the specific characteristics of the derivative. As interest rates increase or decrease, the fair values of Farmer Mac's derivatives change based on the position Farmer Mac holds relative to the specific characteristics of the derivative. Our core capital available to meet our statutory minimum capital requirement can be affected by changes in the fair value of financial derivatives, as noted above. Farmer Mac's core capital available to meet its statutory minimum capital requirement can be affected by changes in the fair values of financial derivatives, as noted above. Adverse changes in the fair value of our financial derivatives that are not designated in hedge accounting relationships and any hedge ineffectiveness that results in a loss would reduce the amount of core capital available to meet this requirement. Adverse changes in the fair values of Farmer Mac's financial derivatives that are not designated in hedge accounting relationships and any hedge ineffectiveness that results in a loss would reduce the amount of core capital available to meet this requirement. In 2025 and 2024, we recorded losses of $1.9 million and gains of $3.3 million, respectively, from changes in the fair value of our financial derivatives as a result of movements in interest rates during those years. We recorded gains of

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$6.8 million and $11.5 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to ineffectiveness in hedge accounting relationships.

Changes in interest rates have required, and in the future may require, that we post cash or investment securities to collateralize our derivative exposures due to corresponding changes in the fair market values of these derivatives. If changes in interest rates were to result in a significant decrease in the fair value of our derivatives, we would be required to post cash, cash equivalents, or investment securities, possibly within a short period of time, to satisfy our obligations under our derivatives contracts. If changes in interest rates were to result in a significant decrease in the fair value of Farmer Mac's derivatives, Farmer Mac would be required to post cash, cash equivalents, or investment securities, possibly within a short period of time, to satisfy its obligations under its derivatives contracts. As of December 31, 2025, we posted $2.1 million of cash and $250.6 million of investment securities as collateral for our derivatives in net liability positions. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac posted $84.6 million of cash and $207.2 million of investment securities as collateral for its derivatives in net liability positions. If we are required to fully collateralize a significant portion of our derivatives in an adverse interest rate environment, it could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity position or operating results. If Farmer Mac is required to fully collateralize a significant portion of its derivatives in an adverse interest rate environment, it could have a material adverse effect on Farmer Mac's liquidity position or operating results.

Financial Risk

Incorrect estimates and assumptions by management in preparing financial statements could adversely affect our business, operating results, reported assets and liabilities, financial condition, reputation, or capital levels.
Our accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. Some of these policies and methods require management to make estimates and assumptions in preparing our consolidated financial statements. Some of these policies and methods require management to make estimates and assumptions in preparing Farmer Mac's consolidated financial statements. Incorrect estimates and assumptions by management in connection with preparing our consolidated financial statements could adversely affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of income and expenses. Incorrect estimates and assumptions by management in connection with preparing Farmer Mac's consolidated financial statements could adversely affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of income and expenses. For example, as of December 31, 2025, our assets and liabilities recorded at fair value included financial instruments valued at $6.7 billion whose fair value management estimated in the absence of readily observable fair value (in other words, level 3). For example, as of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac's assets and liabilities recorded at fair value included financial instruments valued at $5.6 billion whose fair values management estimated in the absence of readily observable fair values (in other words, level 3). These financial instruments measured with significant unobservable inputs represented 19.1% of total assets and 49.4% of financial instruments measured at fair value as of December 31, 2025. See MD&A—Critical Accounting Estimates for more information about fair value measurement. If we make incorrect assumptions or estimates that result in understating or overstating reported financial results, it could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, reported assets and liabilities, financial condition, reputation, or capital levels. If management makes incorrect assumptions or estimates that result in understating or overstating reported financial results, it could materially and adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, reported assets and liabilities, financial condition, reputation, or capital levels.

Changes in the value or composition of our investment securities could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, liquidity or capital levels.45 Changes in the value or composition of Farmer Mac's investment securities could adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, financial condition, liquidity or capital levels.

Deterioration in financial or credit market conditions could reduce the fair value of our investment securities, particularly those securities that are less liquid and more subject to market variability.Deterioration in financial or credit market conditions could reduce the fair value of Farmer Mac's investment securities, particularly those securities that are less liquid and more subject to market variability. Certain securities we own do not have well-established secondary trading markets, making it more difficult to estimate current fair values for those securities. This requires us to rely on market observations and internal models to estimate the fair values of our investment securities and to determine whether credit losses exist. This requires Farmer Mac to rely on market observations and internal models to estimate the fair values of its investment securities and to determine whether credit losses exist. However, available market data may not reflect the actual sale conditions we may face when selling our investment securities, particularly in adverse financial market conditions. However, available market data may not reflect the actual sale conditions Farmer Mac may face when selling its investment securities, particularly in adverse financial market conditions. Internal models require us to exercise judgment about estimates and assumptions used in the models. Internal models require Farmer Mac to exercise judgment about estimates and assumptions used in the models. If we use unreliable market data or incorrect estimates or assumptions in our internal models to estimate the fair value of our investment securities, those estimates could adversely affect results of operations during the reporting period. If Farmer Mac uses unreliable market data or incorrect estimates or assumptions in its internal models to estimate the fair value of its investment securities, those estimates could adversely affect results of operations during the reporting period. If we decide to sell securities in our investment portfolio, the price ultimately realized will depend on the demand and liquidity in the market at the time of sale, which could be significantly less than our

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fair value estimates. Failure to estimate the fair value of our investment securities reasonably accurately could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, liquidity or capital levels. Failure to accurately estimate the fair value of Farmer Mac's investment securities could adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, financial condition, liquidity or capital levels.

The trading price for our Class C non-voting common stock may be volatile due to market influences, trading volume, the effects of equity awards for our officers, directors, and employees, or sales of significant amounts of the stock by large holders.The trading price for Farmer Mac's Class C non-voting common stock may be volatile due to market influences, trading volume, the effects of equity awards for Farmer Mac's officers, directors, and employees, or sales of significant amounts of the stock by large holders.

The trading price of our Class C non-voting common stock has at times experienced substantial price volatility and may remain volatile.The trading price of Farmer Mac's Class C non-voting common stock ("Class C stock") has at times experienced substantial price volatility and may remain volatile. For example, the trading price of the Class C non-voting common stock ranged from $155.25 per share to $209.73 per share during 2025. The trading price may fluctuate in response to various factors, including short sales, hedging, the presence or absence of a share repurchase program, stock market influences in general that are unrelated to our operating performance, or sales of significant amounts of the stock by large holders. For example, the trading price of the Class C stock ranged from $113.53 per share to $194.92 per share during 2023. The trading price may fluctuate in response to various factors, including short sales, hedging, the presence or absence of a share repurchase program, stock market influences in general that are unrelated to Farmer Mac's operating performance, or sales of significant amounts of the stock by large holders. We typically grant equity awards each year that are based on the Class C non-voting common stock, including grants that vest over time or upon the achievement of specified performance goals. Farmer Mac typically grants equity awards each year that are based on the Class C stock, including grants that vest over time or upon the achievement of specified performance goals. Sales of stock acquired upon vesting or the exercise of equity awards by our officers, directors, or employees, whether under an established trading plan or otherwise, could adversely affect the trading price of the Class C non-voting common stock. Sales of stock acquired upon vesting or the exercise of equity awards by Farmer Mac's officers, directors, or employees, whether under an established trading plan or otherwise, could adversely affect the trading price of the Class C stock. All of these factors may be exacerbated during periods of low trading volume for our Class C non-voting common stock, which averaged 75,460 shares daily during 2025 and may have a prolonged negative effect on the stock's trading price or increase price volatility. All of these factors may be exacerbated during periods of low trading volume for Farmer Mac's Class C stock, which averaged 57,662 shares daily during 2023 and may have a prolonged negative effect on its trading price or increase price volatility.

Regulatory and Compliance Risk

We are a GSE that may be materially and adversely affected by legislative or political developments.

We are a GSE with a statutory Charter that may be amended by Congress at any time, and we are also regulated by government agencies, including the FCA and the SEC.Farmer Mac is a GSE with a statutory charter that may be amended by Congress at any time, and is also regulated by government agencies, including the FCA and the SEC. Although we are not aware of any pending legislative or regulatory proposals that would materially impact our business or operations, our ability to effectively conduct our business is subject to risks and uncertainties related to political developments that could affect us or GSEs generally. Although Farmer Mac is not aware of any pending legislative or regulatory proposals that would materially impact its business or operations, Farmer Mac's ability to effectively conduct its business is subject to risks and uncertainties related to political developments that could affect Farmer Mac or GSEs generally. For example, five members of our board of directors serve at the pleasure of the President of the United States. Also, the organization and operation of the FCA could be affected by efforts to consolidate or otherwise reorganize federal financial regulatory agencies. We cannot predict whether or when legislative or regulatory initiatives may commence that, if successful, could negatively affect our status as a GSE or how we operate, and which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, or capital levels. Farmer Mac cannot predict whether or when legislative or regulatory initiatives may commence that, if successful, could negatively affect the status of Farmer Mac as a GSE or how Farmer Mac operates, and which could have a material and adverse effect on Farmer Mac's business, operating results, financial condition, or capital levels. See Business—Government Regulation of Farmer Mac for more information about the rules and regulations governing our activities.

We and many of our business counterparties are subject to comprehensive government regulation, and changes to those laws and regulations could adversely affect our business, operating results, reputation, or financial condition.

We were established under a statutory Charter that the U.S. Congress may amend at any time and we are regulated by various government agencies, including the FCA and the SEC. Future legislative or regulatory actions affecting our statutory Charter or our business activities, including increased regulatory supervision, and any required changes to our business or operations resulting from such actions, could result in financial loss or otherwise reduce our profitability, subject us to more compliance and other costs, limit our product offerings or our ability to pursue business opportunities in which we might otherwise

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consider engaging, curtail our current business activities, affect the value of assets that we hold, or otherwise adversely affect our business, results of operations, reputation, or financial condition.

The financial services industry, in which most of our business counterparties and customers operate, is subject to significant legislation and regulations.The financial services industry, in which most of Farmer Mac's business counterparties and customers operate, is subject to significant legislation and regulations. To the extent that current or future legislation, regulations, or supervisory activities affect the activities of banks, insurance companies, other rural lenders, derivatives counterparties, clearinghouses, securities dealers, or other regulated entities that constitute a large portion of our business counterparties or customers, we could experience loss of business or business opportunities, increased compliance costs, disadvantageous business terms in our dealings with counterparties, and unfavorable changes to our business practices or activities. To the extent that current or future legislation, regulations, or supervisory activities affect the activities of banks, insurance companies, other rural lenders, derivatives counterparties, clearinghouses, securities dealers, or other regulated entities that constitute a large portion of Farmer Mac's business counterparties or customers, Farmer Mac could experience loss of business or business opportunities, increased compliance costs, disadvantageous business terms in its dealings with counterparties, and unfavorable changes to its business practices or activities. As a result, our business, operating results, reputation, or financial condition could be adversely affected. As a result, Farmer Mac's business, operating results, reputation, or financial condition could be adversely affected.

The legal and regulatory environment related to data privacy and cybersecurity is constantly changing. Privacy and cybersecurity are currently areas of considerable legislative and regulatory attention, with new or modified laws, regulations, rules, and standards being frequently adopted and potentially subject to divergent interpretation or application in different jurisdictions in a manner that may create inconsistent or conflicting requirements for businesses. The uncertainty and compliance risks created by these legislative and regulatory developments are compounded by the rapid pace of technology development, such as artificial intelligence and advances in data science, that affect the use or security of data, including personal information. Privacy and cybersecurity laws and regulations often impose strict requirements on the collection, storage, handling, use, disclosure, transfer, security, and other processing of personal information. These laws and regulations may increase our compliance costs and require changes to our business and operations. An actual or perceived failure by us, lenders, servicers, vendors, service providers, counterparties, or other third parties to comply with privacy, data protection, and information security laws, regulations, standards, policies, and contractual obligations could result in legal liabilities, fines, regulatory action, and reputational harm that have a material adverse impact on our business, financial results, and financial condition.

Our capital requirements may change, and failure to meet those requirements could result in supervisory measures or our inability to declare dividends, or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, or financial condition.Farmer Mac's capital requirements may change, and failure to meet those requirements could result in supervisory measures or the inability of Farmer Mac to declare dividends, or otherwise materially and adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, or financial condition.

We are required by statute and regulation to maintain certain capital levels.Farmer Mac is required by statute and regulation to maintain certain capital levels. Any inability to meet these capital requirements could result in supervisory measures by FCA, adversely affect our ability to declare dividends on our common and preferred stock, or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, or financial condition. Any inability by Farmer Mac to meet these capital requirements could result in supervisory measures by FCA, adversely affect Farmer Mac's ability to declare dividends on its common and preferred stock, or otherwise materially and adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, or financial condition. As required by an FCA regulation on capital planning, we have adopted a policy to maintain a sufficient level of Tier 1 capital and to restrict paying Tier 1-eligible dividends if Tier 1 capital falls below specified thresholds. As required by an FCA regulation on capital planning, Farmer Mac has adopted a policy to maintain a sufficient level of Tier 1 capital and to restrict paying Tier 1-eligible dividends if Tier 1 capital falls below specified thresholds. For more information about our capital requirements, including the Tier 1 capital requirement, see "Business—Government Regulation of Farmer Mac—Regulation—Capital Standards. For more information about Farmer Mac's capital requirements, including the Tier 1 capital requirement, see "Business—Government Regulation of Farmer Mac—Regulation—Capital Standards. " Factors that could adversely affect the adequacy of our capital levels in the future, and which may be beyond our control, include:
credit losses;
adverse changes in interest rates or credit spreads;
legislative or regulatory actions that increase our capital requirements; and
changes in GAAP or regulatory capital framework as set forth by our principal regulatory agency, FCA.


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Other Risks

Our ability to attract and retain motivated and qualified employees is critical to the success of our business, and significant or sustained disruption in the continuity of our employees or executive leaders may materially adversely affect our business performance, operations, financial condition, or reputation.

We rely on our employees' breadth and depth of knowledge of our company and related industries to run our business operations successfully. If we cannot retain and attract motivated and qualified employees or do not have adequate human capital to achieve our business objectives, our business performance, operations, financial condition, or reputation could be materially adversely affected. If Farmer Mac cannot continue to retain and attract motivated and qualified employees or does not have adequate human capital to achieve its business objectives, Farmer Mac's business performance, operations, financial condition, or reputation could be materially adversely affected. A significant disruption in the continuity of our employees or any significant executive leadership change could also result in a loss of productivity and affect our ability to successfully execute business strategies by creating uncertainty or instability or requiring us to divert or expend more resources to replace personnel. A significant disruption in the continuity of Farmer Mac's employees or any significant executive leadership change could also result in a loss of productivity and affect Farmer Mac's ability to successfully execute business strategies by creating uncertainty or instability or requiring Farmer Mac to divert or expend more resources to replace personnel. Loss of key leadership personnel could damage the public or market perception of our company or result in the departure of other executives or key employees. Loss of key leadership personnel could also damage the public or market perception of Farmer Mac or result in the departure of other executives or key employees. Any of these factors could materially adversely affect our business performance, operations, financial condition, or reputation. Any of these factors could materially adversely affect Farmer Mac's business performance, operations, financial condition, or reputation.

Any of the risks described in this section could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, reputation, capital levels, and future earnings.Any of the risks described in this section could materially and adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, financial condition, reputation, capital levels, and future earnings. For more information about Farmer Mac's risk management, see "MD&A—Risk Management" in Item 7 of this report.

Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C.Item 1A. Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

We recognize the importance of assessing, identifying, and managing risks associated with cybersecurity threats. Our process to identify and assess material risks from cybersecurity threats operates alongside our broader overall risk assessment process that contemplates all company risks.Farmer Mac’s process to identify and assess material risks from cybersecurity threats operates alongside Farmer Mac’s broader overall risk assessment process that contemplates all company risks. As part of this process, appropriate personnel collaborate with subject matter specialists, as necessary, to gather information to identify and assess material cybersecurity threat risks, their severity, and potential mitigations.

We have implemented a variety of processes, technologies, and controls to aid in our efforts to identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks.Farmer Mac has implemented a variety of processes, technologies, and controls to aid in its efforts to identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks. Our approach includes:

an enterprise risk management program that includes an annual cybersecurity risk assessment and management and is periodically refreshed;
security reviews designed to identify risks from many new features, software, and vendors, including a security operations center to monitor our systems;
a team of trained and experienced security professionals to investigate and remediate cybersecurity incidents;
regular cybersecurity training for all employees and network users to raise and maintain awareness of cybersecurity risks and best practices;

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a vulnerability management program designed to identify vulnerabilities in our systems and software;
regular cybersecurity testing, including third-party penetration testing on a periodic basis to allow security researchers to help identify vulnerabilities in our systems before they mature into real-world cybersecurity threats;
a third-party service provider risk management program designed to identify and mitigate risks associated with third-party vendors and business partners, which includes pre-engagement diligence, risk assessments, contractual security and notification provisions, and ongoing monitoring, as appropriate;
a threat intelligence program designed to model and research potential cybersecurity threat actors to identify vulnerabilities and anticipate attack vectors before they are exploited;
cybersecurity controls designed to segment access to systems and to limit access to sensitive data, which controls are tested and updated regularly;
patch management controls aimed at reducing system vulnerabilities; and
a generative artificial intelligence policy that describes how users may utilize generative artificial intelligence tools in alignment with our values, ethical standards, and legal requirements, while also safeguarding sensitive information.

These processes vary in maturity across the business and we work continually to improve them.

We also maintain a privacy and security incident response program to prepare for, detect, respond to, and recover from cybersecurity incidents.Farmer Mac also maintains a privacy and security incident response program to prepare for, detect, respond to, and recover from cybersecurity incidents. That program includes processes to triage, assess severity for, escalate, contain, investigate, and remediate any cybersecurity incident, as well as to comply with any applicable legal obligations (including to preserve evidence) and to mitigate brand and reputational damage. We also conduct regular tabletop exercises to test and fortify the controls of our cybersecurity incident response program. Farmer Mac also conducts regular tabletop exercises to test and fortify the controls of its cybersecurity incident response program. Our security operations center and incident response team assesses the severity and priority of incidents on a rolling basis, with escalations of cybersecurity incidents provided to our management team and board as appropriate. Farmer Mac’s security operations center and incident response team assesses the severity and priority of incidents on a rolling basis, with escalations of cybersecurity incidents provided to Farmer Mac’s management team. If a cybersecurity incident is determined to be material, our incident response plan defines the process for any required regulatory disclosures. If a cybersecurity incident is determined to be a material cybersecurity incident, Farmer Mac’s incident response plan defines the process for any required regulatory disclosures.

Our risk management approach is supplemented by external and internal enterprise risk management audits, which are designed to test the effectiveness of our security controls.Farmer Mac’s risk management approach is supplemented by external and internal enterprise risk management audits, which are designed to test the effectiveness of Farmer Mac’s security controls. Prior cybersecurity incidents have not materially affected our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. We do not believe that there are currently any known risks from cybersecurity threats that are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, although the occurrence of both intentional and unintentional incidents could cause a variety of adverse business impacts in the future. Farmer Mac does not believe that there are currently any known risks from cybersecurity threats that are reasonably likely to materially affect its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, although the occurrence of both intentional and unintentional incidents could cause a variety of adverse business impacts in the future. For more information on our cybersecurity risks see "Operational Risks" in "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A of this report. For more information on Farmer's Mac's cybersecurity risks see "Operational Risks" in "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A of this report. Those disclosures are incorporated by reference in this section.

Governance

Our board of directors is actively involved in overseeing our cybersecurity risk management. At least once a year, the full board of directors meets with our Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) to discuss and approve our programs and policies related to cybersecurity and risk initiatives and considers them closely both from a risk management perspective and as part of our business strategy.

The board has created a dedicated cybersecurity subcommittee of the board's enterprise risk committee to oversee our cybersecurity programs and practices, including the identification and mitigation of security

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and privacy risks. The cybersecurity subcommittee consists of three members of the enterprise risk committee. The cybersecurity subcommittee typically meets on a monthly basis with the CISO and other members of our management team to discuss the performance and effectiveness of our cyber program and to receive updates on cybersecurity risks, any cybersecurity incidents, and major cybersecurity initiatives. The cybersecurity subcommittee typically meets on a monthly basis with the CISO and other members of Farmer Mac's management team to discuss the performance and effectiveness of Farmer Mac's cyber program and to receive updates on cybersecurity risks, any cybersecurity incidents, and major cybersecurity initiatives. The materials provided to the cybersecurity subcommittee and discussed in the meetings may include updates about cybersecurity risks, controls, and assessments, including those from third parties. At each regular quarterly meeting of the board enterprise risk committee, the cybersecurity subcommittee reviews a summary of the information discussed in the most recent cybersecurity subcommittee meetings.

The CISO manages our cybersecurity program, which aligns to industry standards and is reviewed by the cybersecurity subcommittee and approved by the board enterprise risk committee annually, and which includes the identification, evaluation, and prioritization of security risks, as well as our response to security incidents. The CISO has more than 20 years of experience in cybersecurity and information technology and holds a Master’s degree in Business Administration with a focus on Information Technology. The CISO also holds a Certified Information Security Manager ("CISM") certification, which is an advanced certification indicating that an individual possesses the knowledge and experience required to develop and manage an enterprise information security program. The CISO reports to our Executive Vice President – Chief Risk Officer, who in turn reports to the Chief Executive Officer.

Members of senior management have regular meetings with the CISO and other members of our information technology team to discuss and monitor the prevention, mitigation, detection, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents.Members of senior management have regular meetings with the CISO and other members of Farmer Mac's information technology team to discuss and monitor the prevention, mitigation, detection, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. The participants in these meetings also discuss their management of, and participation in, the cybersecurity risk management and strategy processes described in this report, including the operation of our incident response plan.

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