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Once a year, publicly traded companies issue a comprehensive report of their business, called a 10-K. A component mandated in the 10-K is the ‘Risk Factors’ section, where companies disclose any major potential risks that they may face. This dashboard highlights all major changes and additions in new 10K reports, allowing investors to quickly identify new potential risks and opportunities.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, as well as other information in this Form 10-K, before deciding whether to invest in shares of our common stock. The occurrence of any of the events described below could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects. In such an event, the trading price of our common stock may decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Business and Market Risks

A number of conditions that affect demand for the homes we sell are outside of our control. Many of these conditions, such as interest rates, inflation, employment levels, wage levels and governmental actions also impact consumer confidence, upon which our business is highly dependent.

Negative changes in national and regional economic conditions, as well as local economic conditions where we conduct our operations, may result in more caution on the part of homebuyers and, consequently, fewer home purchases. Demand softened during fiscal 2025 as homebuyers continued to face an elevated interest rate environment despite interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve multiple times during fiscal 2025. This continued economic uncertainty is out of our control, affects buyer sentiment and behavior and the demand for the homes we sell, and negatively impacts consumer confidence, upon which our business is highly dependent.

A worsening of these conditions and/or further downturns in the homebuilding industry could also, among other things, result in an oversupply of both new and resale home inventory across housing markets in the U.S., an increase in foreclosures, reduced levels of consumer demand for new homes, increased cancellation rates, aggressive price competition among homebuilders, and increased incentives for home sales, any of which could result in a decrease in our revenues, earnings, or margins and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, any certain government actions such as continuance of the U.S. federal government shutdown or U.S. initiated tariffs on certain foreign goods, particularly raw materials, commodities, and products manufactured outside the United States that are used in our homebuilding processes, may disrupt our home closings process or cause our homebuilding costs to rise, which would have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.

Because most of our customers require mortgage financing, elevated mortgage interest rates for prolonged periods and further increases in interest rates would likely negatively affect the affordability of the homes we sell. In addition, reductions in mortgage availability or increases in the effective costs of owning a home could prevent our customers from buying our homes and adversely affect our business and financial results.

Most of the purchasers of our homes finance their acquisition with mortgage financing. Despite modest interest rate reductions in September 2025, interest rates have remained at a heightened level for a prolonged period, and may continue to remain at a heightened level.

The availability of mortgage financing is significantly influenced by governmental entities such as the Federal Housing Administration, Veteran’s Administration, and Government National Mortgage Association and government-sponsored enterprises known as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. If these or other lenders’ borrowing standards are tightened and/or the federal government were to reduce or eliminate these mortgage loan programs (including due to any failure of lawmakers to agree on a budget or appropriation legislation to fund relevant programs or operations or the continuance of the U.S. federal government shutdown which may result in these or other government agencies furloughing employees and stopping activities critical to the mortgage financing process), it would likely make it more difficult for our customers to obtain acceptable financing, which would, in turn, adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Mortgage interest expenses and real estate taxes represent significant costs of homeownership. Therefore, when there are changes in federal or state income tax laws that eliminate or substantially limit the income tax deductions relating to these expenses, the after-tax costs of owning a new home can increase significantly. For example, in July 2025, H.R. 1, or the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA"), was enacted, which includes provisions that impose significant limitations with respect to these income tax deductions. Under this legislation, through the end of 2029, the annual deduction for real estate property taxes and state and local income or sales taxes has been limited to a combined amount of $40,000 ($20,000 in the case of a separate return filed by a married individual). These changes could reduce the perceived affordability of homeownership, and therefore the demand for homes, or

have a moderating impact on home sales prices in areas with relatively high housing prices or high state and local income and real estate taxes.

Inflation may adversely affect us by increasing costs beyond what we can recover through price increases.

Although inflation has moderated slightly, it has remained persistent in the United States in recent years due, in part, to supply chain issues, elevated energy prices, labor shortages and trade policies, among other factors. In addition, inflation is often accompanied by higher interest rates. In an inflationary environment, depending on homebuilding industry and other economic conditions, we may be unable to raise home prices enough to keep up with the rate of inflation, which would reduce our profit margins.

If we are unsuccessful in competing against other homebuilders, our market share could decline or our growth could be impeded and, as a result, our financial condition and results of operations could suffer.

Competition in the homebuilding industry is intense, and there are relatively low barriers to entry into our business. Increased competition could hurt our business, as it could prevent us from acquiring attractive parcels of land on which to build homes or make such acquisitions more expensive, hinder our market share expansion and lead to pricing pressures on our homes that may adversely impact our margins and revenues. If we are unable to successfully compete, our financial results could suffer and our ability to service our debt could be adversely affected. Our competitors may independently develop land and construct housing units that are superior or substantially similar to our products. Furthermore, many of our competitors have substantially greater financial resources, less leverage, and lower costs of funds and operations than we do. In addition, the homebuilding industry has been subject to increasing consolidation and mergers and acquisition activity, which could result in existing competitors increasing their market share. Such changes have the potential to increase competitive dynamics in affected markets. Many of these competitors also have longstanding relationships with subcontractors and suppliers in the markets in which we operate. We currently build in several of the top markets in the nation and, therefore, we expect to continue to face additional competition from new entrants into our markets.

Operational, Legal and Regulatory Risks

An increase in cancellation rates will negatively impact our business and could lead to imprecise estimates related to homes to be delivered in the future (backlog).

Our backlog reflects the number and value of homes for which we have entered into a sales contract with a customer but have not yet delivered the home. Although these sales contracts typically require a cash deposit and generally do not make the sale contingent on the sale of the customer’s existing home, in some cases a customer may cancel the contract and receive a complete or partial refund of the deposit as a result of local laws or as a matter of our business practices. If industry or economic conditions deteriorate or if mortgage financing becomes less accessible, more homebuyers may have an incentive to cancel their contracts with us, even where they might be entitled to no refund or only a partial refund, rather than complete the purchase. While cancellation rates during fiscal 2025 have remained in line with our normal historical range, significant cancellations have had, and could again in the future have, a material adverse effect on our business as a result of lost sales revenue and the accumulation of unsold housing inventory. It is important to note that both backlog and cancellation metrics are operational, rather than accounting data, and should be used only as a general gauge to evaluate our performance. There is an inherent imprecision in these metrics based on an evaluation of qualitative factors during the transaction cycle.

Our long-term success depends on our ability to acquire finished lots and undeveloped land suitable for residential homebuilding at reasonable prices, in accordance with our land investment criteria.

The homebuilding industry is highly competitive for suitable land and the risk inherent in purchasing and developing land increases as consumer demand for housing increases. The availability of finished and partially finished developed lots and undeveloped land for purchase that meet our investment criteria depends on a number of factors outside our control, including land availability in general, competition with other homebuilders and land buyers, inflation in land prices, zoning, allowable housing density, the ability to obtain building permits, and other regulatory requirements. Should suitable lots or land become less available, the number of homes we may be able to build and sell could be reduced, and the cost of land could increase, perhaps substantially, which could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

As competition for suitable land increases, the cost of acquiring both finished and undeveloped lots and the cost of developing owned land could rise, and the availability of suitable land at acceptable prices may decline, which could adversely impact our financial results. The availability of suitable land assets could also affect the success of our land acquisition strategy and ultimately our long-term strategic goals by impacting our ability to increase the number of actively selling communities, grow our revenues and margins and achieve or maintain profitability.

Reduced numbers of home sales extend the time it takes us to recover land purchase and property development costs, negatively impacting profitability and our results of operations.

We incur many costs even before we begin to build homes in a community. Depending on the stage of development a land parcel is in when we acquire it, these may include costs of preparing land, finishing and entitling lots, installing roads, sewers, water systems, and other utilities, taxes, and other costs related to ownership of the land on which we plan to build homes. If the rate at which we sell and deliver homes slows, or if we delay the opening of new home communities, we may incur additional pre-construction costs, and it may take longer for us to recover our costs, which could adversely affect our profitability and results of operations.

Natural disasters and other related events could result in delays in land development or home construction, increase our costs or decrease demand in the impacted areas.

The climates and geology of many of the states in which we operate present increased risks of natural disasters. To the extent that hurricanes, tornadoes, severe storms, heavy or prolonged precipitation, earthquakes, droughts, floods, wildfires or other natural disasters or similar events occur, our homes under construction or our building lots in such states could be damaged or destroyed, which may result in losses exceeding our insurance coverage. Natural disasters or severe weather can also lead to increased competition for subcontractors and/or unavailability of laborers or service providers, both of which can delay our progress even after the event has concluded. Additionally, and as discussed below, increased competition for skilled labor can lead to cost overruns, as we may have to incentivize the impacted region’s limited trade base to work on our homes. Finally, natural disasters and other related events may also temporarily impact demand, as buyers are not as willing to shop for new homes during or after the event. These risks could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Supply shortages and other risks related to the demand for skilled labor and building materials could increase costs, delay deliveries and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The residential construction industry experiences price fluctuations and shortages in labor and materials from time to time. Shortages in labor can be due to shortages in qualified trades people, changes in immigration laws and trends in labor migration, lack of availability of adequate utility infrastructure and services, or our need to rely on local subcontractors who may not be adequately capitalized or insured. Shortages of materials can be due to certain disruptions, such as natural disasters, civil or political unrest and conflicts, trade disputes, difficulties in production or delivery or health issues like a pandemic. Labor and material shortages can be more severe during periods of strong demand for housing or during periods in which the markets where we operate experience natural disasters such as hurricanes or flooding as discussed more fully above. Pricing for labor and materials can be affected by the factors discussed above, changes in energy prices, and various other national, regional, and local economic and political factors. Additionally, heightened immigration guidelines and enforcement, including federal immigration provisions contained in the OBBBA, could result in labor shortages, particularly with our trade partners. Many of these changes may result in adverse impacts for us or our trade partners that could materially affect our operations. Such actions limit our ability to control costs, which if we are not able to successfully offset such increased costs through higher sales prices, could adversely affect our margins on the homes we build.

We may incur additional operating expenses or longer construction cycle times due to compliance programs or fines, penalties and remediation costs pertaining to environmental regulations within our markets. Additionally, any violations of such regulations could harm our reputation, thereby negatively impacting our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to a variety of local, state and federal statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning the protection of health and the environment. The particular environmental laws that apply to any given community vary greatly according to the location of the community site, the site’s environmental conditions and the present and former use of the site. Environmental laws may result in delays, may cause us to implement time consuming and expensive compliance programs and may prohibit or severely restrict development in certain environmentally sensitive regions or areas. Any such actions taken with respect to us may increase our costs or harm our reputation. In particular, our communities in California and Phoenix are especially susceptible to restrictive government regulations and environmental laws, particularly surrounding water usage.

We are subject to extensive government regulation, which could cause us to incur significant liabilities or restrict our business activities.

Regulatory requirements could cause us to incur significant liabilities and operating expenses and could restrict our business activities. We are subject to local, state and federal statutes and rules regulating, among other things, certain developmental matters, building and site design, the availability of water and matters concerning the protection of health, safety and the environment. Our operating costs may be increased by governmental regulations, such as building permit allocation ordinances and impact and other fees and taxes, which may be imposed to defray the cost of providing certain governmental services and improvements. Other governmental regulations, such as building moratoriums and “no growth” or “slow growth” initiatives may be adopted in communities that have developed rapidly, which may cause delays in new home communities or otherwise restrict our business activities, resulting in reductions in our revenues. Any delay or refusal from government agencies to grant us necessary licenses, permits and approvals could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Limitations on, or the elimination of, tax benefits in connection with the federal “Energy Star” or “Zero Energy” programs could be material to our business.

We receive tax benefits under Internal Revenue Code Section 45L, which we have earned through our substantial investment in and commitment to energy-efficient building practices (Energy-Efficiency Tax Credits). Historically, the Energy-Efficiency Tax Credits were valued at $2,000 per single family home that met the relevant qualifications. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 increased these credits to $2,500 or $5,000 per single family home meeting Energy Star or Zero Energy Ready qualifications, respectively. As we have effectively achieved our goal of building 100% Zero Energy Ready homes in fiscal 2025, we currently receive an Energy-Efficiency Tax Credit of $5,000 for each single family home certified as a Zero Energy Ready home.

However, pursuant to the OBBBA, the Energy-Efficiency Tax Credits for new energy-efficient homes delivered after June 30, 2026 will be disallowed and, therefore, unless the OBBBA is amended or other legislation is enacted, we will not receive any Energy-Efficiency Tax Credit benefit for any of our homes delivered after that date. As a result, our income tax expense and effective tax rate may increase. For more information, see Part II. Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Income Taxes.

Our activities and disclosures related to sustainability expose us to risks.

For example, the State of California has enacted legislation that will require large U.S. companies doing business in California to make broad-based climate-related disclosures, and other states have considered similar measures. We are assessing our obligations under these proposed and enacted rules and expect that compliance could require substantial effort in the future. Standards for tracking and reporting on sustainability matters, including climate-related matters, have also not been harmonized. Changes to these standards could require adjustments to our accounting or operational policies, as well as updates to our existing systems to meet these reporting obligations. We will therefore likely need to be prepared to contend with overlapping, yet distinct, climate-related disclosure approaches, frameworks and requirements.

At the same time, an increasing number of stakeholders, lawmakers and regulators have expressed or pursued contrary views, policy, and investment expectations with respect to sustainability matters, which may expose us to additional legal, financial or reputational risks. While we monitor a broad range of sustainability matters, we cannot be certain that we will manage such matters successfully, or that we will successfully meet the expectations of regulators, investors, employees, customers and other stakeholders.

We may be subject to significant potential liabilities as a result of construction defect, product liability and warranty claims made against us.

As a homebuilder, we have been, and continue to be, subject to construction defect, product liability and home warranty claims, including moisture intrusion and related claims, arising in the ordinary course of business. These claims are common to the homebuilding industry and can be costly.

With respect to certain general liability exposures, including construction defect claims, product liability claims and related claims, assessment of claims and the related liability and reserve estimation process is highly judgmental due to the complex nature of these exposures and unique circumstances of each claim. Furthermore, once claims are asserted for construction defects, it can be difficult to determine the extent to which the assertion of these claims will expand geographically. Although we have obtained insurance for construction defect claims, such policies may not be available or adequate to cover liability for damages, the cost of repairs and/or the expense of litigation. Current and future claims may arise out of events or circumstances not covered by insurance and not subject to effective indemnification agreements with our subcontractors.

At any given time, we may be the subject of civil litigation that could require us to pay substantial damages or could otherwise have a material adverse effect on us.

We may be subject to civil litigation regarding claims made by homebuyers. We cannot predict or determine the timing or final outcome of such lawsuits, or the effect that any adverse determinations the lawsuits may have on us. An unfavorable determination in any of the lawsuits could result in the payment by us of substantial monetary damages that may not be covered by insurance. Further, the legal costs associated with the lawsuits and the amount of time required to be spent by management and the Board of Directors on these matters, even if we are ultimately successful, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition to expenses incurred to defend the Company in these matters, under Delaware law and our bylaws, we may have an obligation to indemnify our current and former officers and directors in relation to these matters. We have obligations to advance legal fees and expenses to directors and certain officers.

Our insurance carriers may seek to rescind or deny coverage with respect to such lawsuits, or we may not have sufficient coverage under our insurance policies. If the insurance companies are successful in rescinding or denying coverage, or if we do not have sufficient coverage under our policies, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our operating expenses could increase if we are required to pay higher insurance premiums or litigation costs for various claims, which could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, our insurance policies may not offset our entire expense due to limitation in coverages, amounts payable under the policies or other related restrictions.

The costs of insuring against construction defect, product liability and director and officer claims are substantial. Increasingly in recent years, lawsuits (including class action lawsuits) have been filed against builders, asserting claims of personal injury and property damage. Our insurance may not cover all of the claims, including personal injury claims, or such coverage may become prohibitively expensive. If we are not able to obtain adequate insurance against these claims, we may experience losses that could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations, as well as our cash flows.

Historically, builders have recovered from subcontractors and their insurance carriers a significant portion of the construction defect liabilities and costs of defense that the builders have incurred. However, insurance coverage available to subcontractors for construction defects is becoming increasingly expensive and the scope of coverage is restricted. If we cannot effectively recover from our subcontractors or their carriers, we may suffer even greater losses.

A builder’s ability to recover against any available insurance policy depends upon the continued solvency and financial strength of the insurance carrier that issued the policy. Many of the states in which we build homes have lengthy statutes of limitations and/or repose applicable to claims for construction defects. To the extent that any carrier providing insurance coverage to us, or our subcontractors becomes insolvent or experiences financial difficulty in the future, we may be unable to recover on those policies, thereby negatively impacting our financial condition and results of operations.

We are dependent on the services of certain key employees and the loss of their services could hurt our business.

Our future success depends upon our ability to attract, train and retain skilled personnel, including officers and directors. If we are unable to retain our key employees or attract, train or retain other skilled personnel in the future, it could hinder our business strategy and impose additional costs of identifying and training new individuals. Competition for qualified personnel in all of our operating markets, as well as within our corporate operations, is intense.

Information technology failures, cybersecurity breaches or data security breaches could harm our business.

We use information technology and other computer resources to perform important operational and marketing activities and to maintain our business records. Certain of these resources are provided to us and/or maintained by third-party service providers pursuant to agreements that specify certain security and service level standards. AI programs can incur significant costs and demand substantial expertise for development, pose challenges in setup and management, and necessitate periodic updates. In addition, the AI-related legal and regulatory landscape is constantly evolving and therefore remains uncertain and may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Our obligations to comply with the evolving legal and regulatory landscape could entail significant costs or limit our ability to incorporate certain AI capabilities into our operations.

Our computer systems, including our back-up systems and portable electronic devices, and those of our third-party providers, are subject to damage or interruption from power outages, computer and telecommunication failures, computer viruses, security breaches including malware and phishing, cyberattacks, natural disasters, usage errors or misconduct by our employees or contractors, and other related risks. As part of our normal business activities, we collect and store certain confidential information, including information about employees, homebuyers, customers, vendors and suppliers. This information is entitled to protection under a number of regulatory regimes. We share some of this information with third parties who assist us with certain aspects of our business. A significant and extended disruption of, or breach of, security related to our computer systems and back-up systems may result in business disruption, damage our reputation and cause us to lose customers, sales and revenue, result in the unintended misappropriation of proprietary, personal and confidential information, and require us to incur significant expense to remediate or otherwise resolve these issues including financial obligations to third parties, fines, penalties, regulatory proceedings and private litigation with potentially large costs and other competitive disadvantages. Additionally, the techniques and sophistication used to conduct cyber-attacks and breaches of information systems frequently change. For example, the deployment of evolving AI tools used to identify vulnerabilities and create more deceptive phishing attempts have the potential to not be recognized until such attacks are launched or have been in place for a period of time. A significant cybersecurity breach or attack could have a material impact on our business or results of operations, there can be no assurance that our efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging.

Global economic and political instability and conflicts could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

g., potential cyberattacks, disruption of energy flows, etc.) and other potential uncertainties could adversely affect our supply chain by causing shortages or increases in costs for materials necessary to construct homes and/or increases to the price of gasoline and other fuels. In addition, changes in U.S. trade policy and retaliatory actions from other nations could cause higher interest rates, inflation or general economic uncertainty, which could negatively impact consumer confidence, our business partners, employees or customers, or otherwise adversely impact our business.

Terrorist attacks or acts of war against the United States or increased domestic or international instability could have an adverse effect on our operations.

Adverse developments such as terrorist attacks against the United States or any outbreak or escalation of hostilities between the United States and/or any foreign power may cause disruption to the economy, our Company, our employees and our customers, which could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Financial and Liquidity Risks

Our access to capital and our ability to obtain additional financing could be affected by any downgrade of our credit ratings, as well as limitations in the capital markets or adverse credit market conditions.

The Company’s credit rating and ratings on our senior notes and our current credit condition affect, among other things, our ability to access new capital, especially debt. Negative changes in these ratings may result in more stringent covenants and higher interest rates under the terms of our indentures or of any new debt. If our credit ratings are lowered or rating agencies issue adverse commentaries in the future, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. In particular, a weakening of our financial condition, including a significant increase in our leverage or decrease in our profitability or cash flows, could adversely affect our ability to obtain necessary funds, result in a credit rating downgrade or change in outlook, or otherwise increase our cost of borrowing.

Our Senior Notes, Senior Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility, letter of credit facilities and certain other debt impose significant restrictions and obligations on us. Restrictions on our ability to borrow could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, our indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition, limit our growth and make it more difficult for us to satisfy our debt obligations.

Our Senior Notes, Senior Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility, letter of credit facilities and certain other debt impose certain restrictions and obligations on us. Under certain of these instruments, we must comply with defined covenants that limit our ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, engage in certain asset sales, make certain types of restricted payments, engage in transactions with affiliates and create liens on our assets. Failure to comply with certain of these covenants could result in an event of default under the applicable instrument. Any such event of default could negatively impact other covenants or lead to cross defaults under certain of our other debt agreements. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain any waivers or amendments that may become necessary in the event of a future default situation without significant additional cost or at all.

Our indebtedness could have important consequences to us and the holders of our securities, including, among other things:

•causing us to be unable to satisfy our obligations under our debt agreements;

•causing us to pay higher interest rates upon refinancing indebtedness if interest rates rise;

•making us more vulnerable to adverse general economic and industry conditions;

•making it difficult to fund future working capital, land purchases, acquisitions, capital expenditures, share repurchases, general corporate or other activities; and

•causing us to be limited in our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business.

In addition, subject to the restrictions of our existing debt instruments, we may incur additional indebtedness. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face could intensify. Our growth plans and our ability to make payments of principal or interest on, or to refinance, our indebtedness will depend on our future operating performance and our ability to enter into additional debt and/or equity financings. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows in the future to service our debt, we may be required to refinance all or a portion of our existing debt, to sell assets or to obtain additional financing. We may not be able to do any of the foregoing on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

Our ability to use our net operating losses and tax credits has been, and may in the future be, impacted by an “ownership change” pursuant to Section 382 and Section 383 of the Internal Revenue Code.

We currently possess meaningful assets in the form net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs) and Energy-Efficiency Tax Credits. These rules generally operate by focusing on changes in the ownership among shareholders owning, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of the Company’s common stock (including changes involving a shareholder becoming a 5% shareholder) or any change in ownership arising from a new issuance of stock or share repurchases by the Company.

NOLs, generated prior to fiscal 2019, and tax credits (including the Energy-Efficiency Tax Credits) generally may be carried forward for a 20-year period to offset future earnings and reduce our federal income tax liability. Any NOLs created during or after fiscal 2019 may be carried forward indefinitely, but may only be utilized to offset 80% of taxable income generated in a

tax year. Built-in losses, if and when recognized, generally will result in tax losses that may then be deducted or carried forward. However, due to the “ownership change” we experienced in January 2010, for purposes of Section 382 and Section 383, our ability to use certain NOLs, tax credits and built-in losses or deductions in existence prior to the ownership change was limited by Section 382 and/or Section 383. We cannot predict or control the occurrence or timing of another ownership change in the future.

Because of this potential impairment of the future value of our deferred tax assets, the majority of which are Energy-Efficiency Tax Credits that we earned through substantial investment in energy-efficient building practices, the Company and its Board of Directors believe these assets are worth protecting. Specifically, the Company and its Board of Directors believe the deferred tax assets, inclusive of the Energy-Efficiency Tax Credits, provide substantial value to the Company and its shareholders and reflect our investment and commitment to our energy-efficient homebuilding strategy. Therefore, on November 12, 2025, the Company, with the unanimous approval of its Board of Directors, entered into that certain Rights Agreement for the Protection of NOLs and Energy-Efficiency Tax Credits (the "New Rights Agreement"). The New Rights Agreement is intended to act as a deterrent to any person desiring to acquire 4.95% or more of our common stock. Additionally, our certificate of incorporation has historically prohibited certain transfers of our common stock that could result in an ownership change under Section 382 and Section 383 of the Internal Revenue Code. At the Company’s 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, the Company intends to seek stockholder ratification of the New Rights Agreement, as well as approval of similar protective provisions in our certificate of incorporation. Failure to obtain these stockholder approvals may jeopardize the Company’s ability to fully utilize its Energy-Efficiency Tax Credits and other deferred tax assets in future periods. Neither the New Rights Agreement, nor any protective provisions included in our certificate of incorporation, offer a complete solution, and an ownership change may still occur.

We could experience a reduction in home sales and revenues due to our inability to acquire and develop land for our communities if we are unable to obtain reasonably priced financing.

The homebuilding industry is capital intensive, and homebuilding requires significant up-front expenditures to acquire land and to begin development. Accordingly, we incur substantial indebtedness to finance our homebuilding activities. If internally generated funds are not sufficient, we would seek additional capital in the form of equity or debt financing from a variety of potential sources, including additional bank financing and/or securities offerings. The amount and types of indebtedness that we may incur are limited by the terms of our existing debt. In addition, the availability of borrowed funds, especially for land acquisition and construction financing, may be greatly reduced nationally, and the lending community may require increased amounts of equity to be invested in a project by borrowers in connection with both new loans and the extension of existing loans. The credit and capital markets have continued to experience significant volatility. If we are required to seek additional financing to fund our operations, the volatility in these markets may restrict our flexibility to access such financing. If we are not successful in obtaining sufficient capital to fund our planned capital and other expenditures, we may be unable to acquire land for our housing developments, thereby limiting our anticipated growth and community count. Additionally, if we cannot obtain additional financing to fund the purchase of land under our option agreements, we may incur contractual penalties and fees.

Inefficient or ineffective allocation of capital could adversely affect our operating results and/or stockholder value.

Our goal is to allocate capital to maximize our overall long-term returns. This includes growing profitability, improving balance sheet efficiency and generating returns above our cost of capital. If we do not properly allocate our capital, we may fail to produce optimal financial results and we may experience a reduction in stockholder value, including increased volatility in our stock price.

As part of our capital allocation strategy, from time to time we have, and may continue to, return value to our stockholders through share repurchases and to engage in bond repurchases to reduce our indebtedness. For example, in February 2025, we announced an acceleration of the pace of our share repurchases in light of market conditions, resulting in the repurchase of

approximately 5% of our outstanding shares during fiscal 2025, for an aggregate purchase price of $33.1 million. As of September 30, 2025, we had the authority to purchase additional shares up to our remaining authorization limit of $87.5 million. Decisions with respect to share repurchases are subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and are based on a variety of factors, including the price and availability of our shares, trading volume, our earnings and financial condition, general market conditions and other capital allocation opportunities. The share repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time in the future without prior notice. Repurchases under our share repurchase program will reduce the market liquidity for our stock, potentially affecting its trading volatility and price. Future share repurchases or potential debt repurchases may also diminish our cash reserves, which may also impact our ability to pursue other opportunities.

Risk Relating to an Investment in our Common Stock

We experience fluctuations and variability in our operating results on a quarterly basis and, as a result, our historical performance may not be a meaningful indicator of future results.

We historically have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, variability in home sales and earnings on a quarterly basis. As a result of such variability, our historical performance may not be a meaningful indicator of future results. Our quarterly results of operations may continue to fluctuate in the future as a result of a variety of both national and local factors, including, among others:

•the timing of home closings and land sales;

•our ability to continue to acquire additional land or secure option agreements to acquire land on acceptable terms;

•conditions of the real estate market in areas where we operate and of the general economy;

•inventory impairments or other material write-downs;

•raw material and labor shortages;

•seasonal home buying patterns; and

•other changes in operating expenses, including the cost of labor and raw materials, personnel and general economic conditions.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Cybersecurity

We maintain a cybersecurity program designed to detect, identify, classify and mitigate cybersecurity and other data security threats as part of our efforts to protect and maintain the confidentiality and security of homebuyer, customer, employee, vendor and supplier information, and non-public information about the Company, which has been strategically integrated into our enterprise risk management program to promote a company-wide culture of cyber risk awareness and inform our decision-making process. The foundation of our cybersecurity program is based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework, which includes a set of controls to prevent, detect, and respond to cybersecurity and other data security threats and incidents.

Additionally, in furtherance of detecting, identifying, and managing material cybersecurity and other data security threats, including such threats associated with our use of any third-party service providers, we also:

•maintain robust information security and privacy policies that are reviewed and updated on an annual basis;

•engage with a range of third-party service providers, including cybersecurity consultants, to evaluate, monitor, and test our cyber management systems and related risks;

•conduct audits, penetration tests, threat and vulnerability assessments, cybersecurity risk monitoring, and security enhancement consultations, using both internal and external resources;

•maintain and continue to evolve our Cybersecurity Incident Management program, which includes regular incident response tabletop exercises, cybersecurity-related disaster recovery and business resiliency plans, and related communications and business continuity procedures;

•conduct security assessments of third-party software products and hosting providers prior to engagement;

•implement ongoing monitoring procedures for third-party service providers’ hosted applications to ensure continued alignment with our cybersecurity standards and compliance requirements;

•provide mandatory annual security and privacy awareness training, along with monthly phishing simulations, to all of our employees. These trainings and simulations are designed to ensure employees are well-versed in the behaviors and requirements necessary to safeguard the Company's information resources; and

•maintain cyber liability insurance to protect against the financial impact of a cyber incident.

We have a dedicated team of employees managing our cybersecurity program and initiatives, led by the Company’s Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), who reports to our Chief Information Officer (CIO). Both our CISO and CIO possess over 20 years of experience in senior leadership roles leading information security and technology teams across private and public companies. The team works directly in consultation with internal and external advisors to execute our cybersecurity and risk strategies.

Pursuant to our cybersecurity program, potential cybersecurity threats are classified by risk levels and threat mitigation efforts are typically prioritized based on those risk classifications, while focus also remains on maintaining the resiliency of our information systems. In the event we identify a potential cybersecurity issue, we have defined procedures for responding to such issues, including procedures that address when and how to engage with Company management, the Board of Directors, other stakeholders and law enforcement.

Our Board of Directors has ultimate oversight responsibility for risks relating to our cybersecurity program. In addition, the Audit Committee assists the Board of Directors in monitoring our cybersecurity and data security risk exposures and compliance with the Company’s cybersecurity program, and regularly makes inquiries of the Company’s management team, internal auditors and independent auditors regarding these risk exposures and compliance matters.

Like other companies that process a wide variety of information, our information technology systems, networks and infrastructure and technology have been, and may in the future be, vulnerable to cybersecurity attacks and other data security threats. These types of attacks are constantly evolving, may be difficult to detect quickly, and often are not recognized until after they have been launched against a target. While, to date, we do not believe we have had a significant cybersecurity breach or attack that has had or is likely to have a material impact on our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, there can be no assurance that our efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. For more information about these and other cybersecurity risks faced by us, see Part 1. Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”

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